i Fro^n inf. Xtw iVrfc Revieio ] 

oaiGrNos* yAPER. 

i,i»ierial.-) .used in rflnsi, ancicRt tim 
^were hard sulis' ,m j. ;>s stone, bfi 
cd. Tiifj !> ■ ' e, as all know, 

making u^^^WsWr.'^^HB confined 
,t.lije«s3. The Greeks, as •ih^^Trundeliui 
:>les testify, wcie in the habit of eHgiaYing on 
3, not only rrionumcntal inscriptions, but edicts, 
.ies, historical, and other events. Brass was 
. ^sed. The pracd:e of engraving on these sub- 
fee's prevailed, not only in Greece, but in Egypt, 
among ''e early inhribitants of Italy. The 
of Solon, it would seem, were engraven both 




aim, and Uie-3ftm& fri^ 
PA£t^j^^!teoriental wi 

^« book, ft phrassofeifes- which o~ i«u^ 

,««,.''^'," '" ^^^7«y P'lmitive custom of 
g on the leaves of plants and trees. The W 
■/c* was recommended by the circumstanr^^ I 
hey required J:ttle preparation to fit them fo 
^ce to which they were appropriated, and 
vere very naturaliv therefore resorted to n 
e and pristijie state of society. Linen 
as used in very ^ancient times, and .peci- 
Df wrumg on this material are still found, in 
preservation, in the envelopes of Egyptian 

' ^^u?^ trees was afterwards emploved, as 
•nubble than leaves. The use of it a's a rn. 



( ongmally, yet very e .riy, to have been en ^^^^^ ^^^ Latin n 
en on br^ss, which was not, however, found to ,, ,„.^ r ;u 

' • • f .1 1 c , '^ term Liibrarv. 

scure against injury of the elements, for wher '^gg ^^ ^j,^ ,j ^ 

Papuol, in which they were kept, was struck ; ' 



ass and on wood, for Ihere are aut'horities foi ,7)r".vritm»- .,V>\,""u u"*" """""' "■ ''s a ma- 
, Those of the Twelve Tables among the ?„r7K''",^"P°"''?^^,'?^en common in every^ 
.n?, as* me of the old writers affirm, were j.f a";, ^rf^ ''''''i°"^'""«s '« several 

■ v.n on slab, of oak. They appear, however, LI .^'.u, 1' T^'^'u /^ ''^^ ^^'^f^^^*^ ^'^ 
, originally, yet very e.rly, to have been en ' «1 ?hl r J''^'' '^""1 ^^ 'h* Roman. «- 
.-/- £.u:-u.i_. .-f'u r„.-„ J .,.'ence the Latin name for a book, and out 

The Romans generally 

.„,...., , ... ,.., .,„. „.,....., Of "<=! tree, fefe this pur | 

^ihtning, the -plates are reported to have beet: > .„i ^np^:^.„„ ^e . . , J 

ed. iL^riP!°'™f",f^of,^y't'ng^on^b!t^ 

he " Wnrks-andSptj^Ks" v\' Hesiod, a poem, de- e are from th'e'MSabar^Sa^r'There'is in 
,;ed in the '^'^^l^'^^^l Muses, was written, ihs libraries in England, a Istter of an In- I 
dusnnias, ^^o^^^mfl^^ to speak from ocular abob, on a piece of bark two yards in length 
ence, informs". '^!l,*'3W~"piatC5 of lead. Other •% ornamented with i^old. Some Sc ' 
mces of the use of the same material are on j'ove-letters, v/ritteh on bark, are stl"! 
'■'• jffi^^^^ I "'^ ^ library was notion* since diacoj 

'ooden tabl^^^^HHHBMgjiuent use. TheJ^y^motig the Caimuck Tariars cons? 
ent Chinese^^HHRTtMt^^^d arcordin;? '•' p composed of long si,rip3"of^hick 
y, they were i^^pamong the Gireks K^'Cire bd, the writing being v/hite on a 
^ime of Homer, j"'- ^ — - - i.. rv,in i 



es of wood, made s 

■ frst the bare wood w!^g ' 

sty I.'?, an instr ument we 
I ^e.' They were 

ise waxetvlabl ' 

•asing or altcri 

iniied in use am 

^bstances were inl 




su,ily thin 

polished 

^ by vneatis 

cQvered with w;ix. 
jienc&of thefacilny 
'' . liiten upnn them, 
ayis long after soti- 
and the writing af 



axon ancestors, too, mn.de use of b&rja 
hat of the beech, the woori of whi JT 
Ciiting tablets in the iiiiddie ages, ilL 
the box or citron, which was emi^ 
•mans. Prom but, i he Saxon word for 1 
I, probably, our EngvisU word be 
T of bark, however," came in tii- 
measure, superseded by that of\he^pa- 



^otiianoKb w'jic .,ii^nauv,u>., ..... ..." _o . measure, superseded bv thar nf mil r.-> 

I was finished, ^^m^.^:' f* I-"«^^^^' ^^ iRgypt. Pro'm papyrus corses jSrtn'. * 
.,sferred to p;iper (WMJgM^,'-- , d paper. This is a niarshv nknt „ „» I 

Ihcse tablets wer^.HHftie Roman boys at J_ ^ , o„nfin»-^ L ,uL u.^I.-'T. '^7,''' \ 



I 



le Roman boy 
Rave been some 



what '^"' "°^ confined to the banks of the Nile, 
.ce scipposed. It rises from a large crcep- 



Ihcse tablets wen 
>ol, Theyijai?',h 
hsy, ifther: 

inl uitrodu<ili||HHe o! th„ ^- ,- -- - . - .; oi ; 

, sehoolnr..V*-who hnd hi. head broken with ■ ^^.e ^^^1 was exceedingly us^TfLrfj;- 
of Ihsm by ^refrac;o,y pup,,. . ,,oses than that of rnakin- Dane- Prr,^ 'A 

.-"hey vr&e s^^ctimes fa.stened together forming, ; . '' .X,l"';P^f'^'^- ^\°^ 

aok, cald bf the Romans c.-'^a;, from. .^3 xe- ffl xTble IrTed fb it ff hT '*''"'-" 
ibla'nce Co the Junk of a treedi v.ded into board., .„t ufuct'ur^Zl;" Lth°/ "S'tj^ | 
irm which wif^l^terwards retained to designate :^,^^„_ and^similar articles ; j^'the Tool'^ 
5ldk or r-^n^■x,■iilf^£ii^y sort, and particularly '.,ed.,into fu,.^|. 

"■ ■ Hawf. ; ^»^ur modern term, cofl!«. u^e from this plar 
R,)man|biiate,raagisiralcs,.Hndl important article 



Hiufacture of it con 



!6pk 
Jlecii 

fheei.' ... . .... . 

ifjerci-H, ^-ere wrii, -non pMspofiyory- . jiiuiacure oi it c 

^ut stone, >''^iyU|i^°^> ana tbiena'rdeir subsian- ^f ,(^^ ^^^^^^ 

as we may jieaigl y conceive; would often be j^^jg^ from an ane 

i irjconvenieflffirtise, and might not always be i; ndiYidu.nl by the 

aiLaiktigiiijt'jd. A cheaper ma-erial wou.d 1,^.;^^ j^^^ afterwt 

Plbe more easily obtained. Leaves j, ^n^^ ^^ j^^ ^^.^^ 

in verv'cS^tirnon use for the receplioji of wri- ';brat8(};Q,!ieen yi 

in different, ^n^Ufi8§^p?|ficulrtrlyJp the ""' 



-- *-_■- V' r .ie!ftaJ»3.-»i'""'ould,s:i 

rjosgrowth prodi- >.wstcre ihp. fort 




per. in© revenues oi nis paper nnm must hsTe 
been ^rea^ to authorize such an nseei-tion. How 
faif liis confiJcnce in his resources would have been 
Jmtifierf by the event, v/e c.stnnot say, for he was 
not paiti'iiitcd to continue the eiiperiment. The 
forcea which ha had hastily collected, proved insuf«-.t 
ficient to cope with ihefurce Aurelun, at the hsflid 
of his Roman veterans. Tl^e soldier ttmajui^^on 
his re(urn from Piilnriyra, wh.^re he had j^^^piwn 
his insensibility to genius and learning eit^^PPrated 
j by jiiacal wortb^ by the execution of th«ffih'!oso- 
j (3her and cfitic, LonginuSj.rnadea detour^ and crush- 

) cd the arnny o^yy^gSjjflyS'fl' i^fe^PK i ^' ' ^ - v '^"^ ^^ ^ 
single blow ^^^^^^^^ 

The usual mode dF^l^MW^Kper from the pa- 
pyrus was to lake offthe ouiw' rinri, or bark, which 
was rejected, then to separate or flake ©ff the thin 
coats which lay urjdern.^aih, the innermost being 
estsfimed the best. These thin filmy coats, moisi- 
ened with the vvater of the Nile, which was suppo- 
i|ed, erroneous!;.' however, to possess some glutinous 
Quality, were tiien placed actt>s3 each otiiei-, and 
ires^,fi/J., an.dJiried, after whicl^ they were smoothed 
;'l poli^^ed with some hard sub^ 
iO.:e art'icle, called rice paper^J 
E ist at thi- present dfiy, is said to 
3P;aouss9bstance,i,ak,en from the 
irce^v 

n-ns. Tni becoming masters of Egypt, 
i.i'c ; t',enti')r! on the manufacture of 
of I he Nile, and introdqeed in- 
pro :menis. In the seventh 
tian era, the use of this paper 
asure, superseded, and in the 




_ iportant 
i?y of tho G 
in a great 



V; * According t 
[icient writers, 
Irial in cons; 
irmed from 





:3 testimony of Pliny and other 
Egyptians made use of this ma ■ 
igihoir boats. Small barks wert; 
papyrus woven compactly toge- 
'i externally with some resinous 
ilude watt^V. The "ark of bul- 
translatOT has it, " daubed with 
pitch," in which Moses was ex- I 
';ubt, a little bark of this descrip- r 
-nother savM.hat she could no long' 1 
conceal Wiii\i/' she took an ark of Papyrus," so i 
"39-18 r»idci'<?8 b^ Geddes, "and having'' 
biiumert ant) pitch, she put the child ' 
_ id it among the sedgea, by the brink ■" 
the river." ExijJ. ji. S,' \ 

eigh'.h becaftie rare, 'l^rom the time of the irrup- 
tion of the Saracens into Egypt, its manufacture 
•uid export greatly declined, and appear to iiave 
soon ceased. , ... .-.„„ j 

* P^rehm ■ m ami Vcdliim had now been mlroiyicec), 
I'ae former prri. r^.i from the skins of sheep and 
'--tj "Its, the latter, v. h,ch was.much loss abunuant, 
?;,', that of very young catv'os. ■' „r „.,: \ 

The preparation of skins for the purpose of « ri- 
ling, had been long known, but anew i"'P'^l^«T'"^j 
^.iven 10 the art by' Eumenes, king ot P^-'g^"""'^^ 
in Asia, about two ccrituries and a half before i..e 
'' Christian era. The circomstances are ^hus re atea. 
EtimenrA-andhiacotetripurary, Ptolem y Fhilacl ei- 




;» .,.. oi i.^ V M'. wet nv.l collectors oV book'fT^t we glenn ^fronj 
,vi d with each oiher in the magoificenca of 
i libraries. To defeat and humble hie oompe- 
I (he wily E>;yptian undertook to deprive him 
i' supply of piper, for which he was depend 




lUer. 



But 



Jjy prohibiting i/s ex 
amenes isdon trium 

Iked his attention e _^ 

tureSTparcfJilffieTiilfi and his succflSffwas 
I His li'erary projects weie promoted, 
I ject3werA^ftcich«* l^y ilifi urtroduci 
( artialc ofmanufacture and comaiW 

!' the 'story be entitled to credit in ev^r 
or not, certain it is, that the stately lib ^ 
ggi)ius became one of the chief ornam _^ 
, city, and the best parchment was long kn 
!he name of Pergamena, kom the place of its 
nufaciure.* , . , 

Parohi«ifipt was of different colors, white, yel- 
. low, ancTpurple ; gnnenilly purple when gold or 
" \ silver letters were used in writing. 

• Vellum, which wps used in the middle ages, was, 
'-"as before intimated, a richer material; There is 
^till extant an imperfect manusc:ipi copy oi- the 
iospsis in the Gothic translation of U,phdas, first 
Bishop of the Goths, on vellum of a violet color, 
fall the letters of which are sftvcr, except the loi- 
ftials, which are of gokl. fe* called the Silver 
A Book of Ulphilas. Asil« sftys that il is bound in 
1! massy silver.f It i? s^.i^OHSCCipt of singular beau- 
■ J ty and constitutes, one of the most curious re- 
mains of Christiatfantreiuity. It w^s found m the 
A^hbey of WerdenT^n Westphalia ; ami is pre- 
served in the preserved in the UniVj^jsity of Up- 
^al, in Sweden. '■■■... 

Most of the ancient manuscripts now m exis- 
tence are on.parchment, very fev/ on papyrus, 
I which was rx^e frail and psrishable. Parchment 
] at length yielded tn the use of pap^r, of a different 
material from that beforaj^&d in Us manuracturc. | 
Cotton pjiper was now introduced; This was 
known as early as the' eighth or ninth century, i 

I though the use of it did not become general in Eu- 
Eurooe till the end ef the_l.welfth or beginning of 
the ihirteenth. Its origin is matter of dispute. Ii 
4 was introduced into Europe, however, by the Arabs, 
i during their dominion in Spain. The Arabs arc- 
s lid to have become acquainted with it in Buchari^. 
It was at first of a coarse fabric, made of raw cot- 
ton, but after the Christ! ^ns obtained possession of 
, the paper-mills established by the Arabs, it soon 
1 became improved in quality and texture. 
1 Linen paper was Arery gewerally substtXntea for 
1 cotton, as early as the middle of the fourteenth cen- 
1 tury. Il was in use earlier, and was introduced 
I into Europe from the east, probably from China; \ 
also by means of the Arabs,- who assert that the 
mr.nufaciureof itwas carriedbn-atSamarcand ear- 
ly in the eighth century. Most of the old manu- 
i scripts in the oriental languages, extant, are on pa- 
! per of this, kind. The oldest English manuscript, 
on lin,en~"paper, known to be itt existence, dales 
,, 1340. There are said to'be sometin Spain of greatr.; 
er anliquityi , i 

\ The oldest German paper-mill was establlsU^ 
kt Nuremberg in 1390. It was: not until sotmifielna 
v^nries later'.that the manufacture was iotrodtiisedl 



liny, Plutarch, hi. 

Bpecting the Perga3*|lfl»i li^afV. l«avi 
imperfectly informed on tH^'Subj ct of i 

Bayle, (Historical and Critical ®ict.,.a 
13,) exhibits tfe« opinions of sdAie aittier, 
3 moderns concerning it. It is said t»ha' 
d 200,000 volumes, or more. «^ 

jin and Progress of Writing, p. 87. V 
d that thernanuscript is on vellum. T. 
;consideredas indisputable. It ispropet 
Wver, that a recent traveller, who has su 

■►maiiuiiciipt lo criiiiMl examination, f- 



.nrna doubt on 



'•<ij'^4 



^ Jk 



CHRONOLOGY 



ORIGIN AND PROGRESS 



PAPER AND PAPER-MAKING. 



CHRONOLOGY 



ORIGIN AND PROGRESS 



APER AND PAPER-MAKING 



JOEL MUI^SELL 



FIFTH EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS. 




ALBANY: 

J. MUNSELL, 83 STATE STEEET. 

1876. 



Vl\ 



b 






\^ ^ 






PEEFACE. 




HE facts embraced in the following pages 
have been gathered from so many sources, 
that it would materially encumber the 
work to give authorities. The valuable essay of 
Breitkopf,' pubUshed in 1784, and the interesting his- 
tory of Matthias Koops,^ who made extensive experi- 
ments in England in the beginning of the present 
century, have furnished numerous data. The "Jury 
Report of the London Industrial Exhibition has been 
used to a considerable extent for more modern statis- 
tics of European countries. For the remainder, al- 
most every available work has been consulted in 
English, French, German, and Nederdutch, and the 
newspapers. Upon the accuracy of the figures in the 
statistics here given it is impossible implicitly to rely, 

' Versuch den Ursprung der Spielkarten, die Einfuehrung des Lein- 
enpapieres, etc., Leipzig, 1784, 2 vols., 4to. 

" Historical Account of the Substances which have been used to 
aescribe Events, and to convey Ideas, from the earliest Date to the 
Invention of Paper, London, 1801, 8vo. 

2 



2 Chronology of the Origin and 

especially upon such as have been gathered from the 
newspapers, where careful comparison is seldom given. 
The compiler has availed himself of whatever came 
under his observation that had the appearance of au- 
thenticity, but has not always had opportunity to verify 
dates and quantities. 

It will be seen by the number of experiments made 
for the attainment of the same object by the same 
means in England and America especially, that paper- 
makers have had but little intercommunication, and 
there has long been great want of an American work, 
practical and experimental, on this most important 
art, which it is thought the eminent work of Mr. 
Hoffman has not wholly supplied. An account of 
the modes that have been pursued by the experiment- 
ers who have so long and arduously sought after a 
substitute for rags in the manufacture of paper, would 
of itself form an instructive volume. These experi- 
ments began in Europe more than a century ago, and 
were induced by the same cause which has ever since 
given rise to efforts in the same direction, the scarcity 
of rags. They have continually exercised the minds 
of manufacturers and others in this country during the 
present century, and the records of the patent office 
attest the fertility of invention which has been ex- 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 3 

pended in this field of discovery. The list given in 
former editions of this w^ork of substances v^hich have 
been experimented upon, and of vi^hich it is claimed 
that paper has been produced of fair qualities, shows 
in a-measure the extent of the effort v^^hich has been 
made to procure material to meet the increasing de- 
mand for paper fabrics ; but they have novv^ become so 
numerous, embracing almost everything in nature, that 
a repetition has been abandoned, as may w^ell be done, 
since fish fibre has come in vogue, and sausages are 
cased in paper bladders, in place of animal intestines. 
Not only have numerous patents been procured for 
useless modes of producing paper from various articles, 
for vi^ant of a know^ledge of v^^hat had already been 
done in the same line, but costly machinery has in 
some cases been erected to assist in bringing them into 
use, after they had been experimented upon repeatedly 
and condemned. This w^ill continue to be done until 
something is published on the subject in such a shape 
as to be accessible to the trade. It is hardly necessary 
to say that this work does not aim to supply the de- 
sideratum, yet to a considerable extent it will serve as 
an index to those experiments. It also indicates what 
has been done towards bringing machinery to perfec- 
tion, while those efforts were being made to discover 



4 Chronology of Paper Making. 

new materials for paper stock. It is in this depart- 
ment that great results have been attained. In less 
than half a century, the machines have entirely super- 
seded the diminutive hand-mills which sparsely dotted 
the country, and gigantic establishments have risen 
up in their places. Paper-mill villages, and banking 
institutions even, have grown out of this flourishing 
branch of industrial art, and we behold with satisfac- 
tion and amazement, what has been brought about by 
the aid of a commodity so insignificant in the eyes of 
the world as linen and cotton rags. 




THE PAPYRUS PLANT. 



INTEODUCTION. 




JLL materials used for writing upon in early 
times were such as required but little me- 
chanical fashioning to fit them for that pur- 
pose. Characters were engraved on flat 
stones made smooth, or were impressed in clay, which 
was afterwards dried or hardened by sun or fire, as in 
the Babylonian bricks. Thin boards of wood, covered 
with wax or a similar composition, and plates of ivory 
and metal, have been used ; but a more convenient 
material was afforded by the leaves of certain species 
of trees. The skins and intestines of animals have 
also been made fit for writing upon j and there still 
exists in the Sorbonne at Paris a manuscript certified 
by an ancient librarian to be written upon human 
skin ; and an elegant copy of the Bible which the 
Abbe Rive believed to be on the skin of a woman. 
When the Egyptian papyrus was introduced, all these 
things fell into disuse, except parchment, which is 
still preferred for certain purposes. 

The first successful attempt to manufacture an ar- 
ticle resembling modern paper, so far as we know, 
was made in Egypt at a very remote time. An 



6 Chronology of the Origin and 

aquatic plant, known to us as papyrus, having a soft 
cellular flower-stem, afforded the material. The stem 
of the plant grew from ten to twenty feet high, of a 
triangular shape, from the thin coats or pellicles of 
which the paper was made. These were separated 
by means of a pin, or pointed muscle-shells, and 
spread on a table sprinkled with Nile water, in such 
a form as the size of the sheets required, and washed 
over with the same. On the first layer of these slips, 
a second was placed cross-wise, so as to form a sheet 
of convenient thickness, which, after being pressed 
and dried in the sun, was polished with a shell or other 
hard and smooth substance. Twenty sheets was the 
utmost that could be separated from one stalk, and 
those nearest the pith made the finest paper. 

With respect to the time when this paper was in- 
vented, there are different opinions. Some authors 
have attempted to prove its antiquity from the earliest 
Greek writers ; while Varro states that the invention 
was unknown in the time of Alexander the Great, 
about four hundred years before the Christian era. 
But Herodotus, who lived nearly a century earlier 
than Alexander, testifies that it was an article of com- 
merce and a material for writing long before his time. 
The Romans at a later day improved upon the papyrus 
made by the Egyptians ; they sized it in a similar 
manner to that pursued with rag-paper, making their 
size of the finest flour. The paper of the Romans 
was very white ; that of the Egyptians of a yellowish 
or brown tinge. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 7 

The Egyptian paper was manufactured in Alexan- 
dria and other cities of Egypt in such large quantities 
that one individual boasted of the possession of so 
much paper that its revenue would maintain a numer- 
ous army. Alexandria was for a long time solely in 
the enjoyment of this manufacture, and acquired im- 
mense riches by it. Europe and Asia were supplied 
therefrom during several centuries. The commerce of 
Egyptian paper was flourishing in the third, and con- 
tinued to the fifth century, when Theodoric abolished 
the impost upon it in Italy, where it was still used 
occasionally until the eleventh century ; at which time 
the use of parchment, and paper made of cotton, su- 
perseded it. 

The art of making paper from fibrous matter re- 
duced to a pulp in water, appears to have been first 
discovered by the Chinese about eighteen hundred 
years ago. The Chinese paper is commonly supposed 
to be made of silk ; but silk alone can not be reduced 
to a pulp suitable for making paper. Refuse silk is 
said to be occasionally used with other ingredients, 
but the greater part of the Chinese paper is made from 
the inner bark of the bamboo and mulberry tree, 
hempen rags, &c. The latter are prepared for paper 
by being cut and well washed in tanks. They are 
then bleached and dried ; in twelve days they are con- 
verted into a pulp, which is then made into balls of 
about four pounds weight. These are afterwards satu- 
rated with water, and made into paper on a frame of 
fine reeds ; and are dried by being pressed under large 



8 Chronology of the Origin and 

stones. A second drying operation is performed by 
fastening the sheets on the walls of a room. The 
sheets are then coated with gum size, and polished 
with stones. They also make paper from cotton and 
linen rags, and a coarse yellow sort from rice straw, 
which is used for wrapping. They are enabled to 
make sheets of a large size, the mould on which the 
pulp is made into paper being sometimes ten or twelve 
feet long, and very wide, and managed by means of 
pulleys. The article popularly known as Chinese rice 
paper, is prepared from the pith of a plant, which is 
cut spirally into a thin slice, and when spread out and 
compressed, forms a light and fragile sheet, some- 
times a foot in length, and five or six inches in breadth. 
The Japanese prepare paper from the mulberry as 
follows : in the month of December the twigs are 
cut into lengths, not exceeding thirty inches, and put 
together in bundles. These fagots are then placed 
upright in a large vessel containing an alkaline ley, 
and boiled till the bark shrinks so as to allow about 
a half an inch of the wood to appear free at the top. 
After they are thus boiled, they are exposed to a cool 
atmosphere, when the bark is stripped from the wood 
and dried, and laid away for future use. When a 
sufficient quantity has been thus collected, it is soaked 
in water three or four days, when a blackish skin which 
covered it is scraped ofF. At the same time also the 
stronger bark, which is of a full year's growth, is sepa- 
rated from the thinner, which covered the younger 
branches, and which yields the best and whitest paper. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. g 

After it has been sufficiently cleansed out and sepa- 
rated, it must be boiled in a clear ley, and if stirred 
frequently, it soon becomes of a suitable nature. 

It is then washed, a process requiring much atten- 
tion and great skill and judgment ; for, if it be not 
washed long enough, the paper, although strong and 
of good body, will be coarse and of little value ; if 
washed too long, it will afford a white paper, but will 
be spongy and unfit for writing upon. Having been 
washed until it becomes a soft and woolly pulp, it is 
spread upon a table and beat fine with a mallet. It 
is then put into a tub with an infusion of rice and 
breni root, when the whole is stirred until the ingre- 
dients are thoroughly mixed in a mass of proper con- 
sistence. The moulds on which sheets are formed 
are made of reeds cut into narrow strips, instead of 
wire, and the process of dipping is like that of other 
countries. After being allowed to remain a short time 
in heaps, under a slight pressure, the sheets are ex- 
posed to the sun, by which they are properly dried. 
Among the remarkable uses to which they put the 
article of paper, may be mentioned that of water-proot 
clothing. 

The ancient Mexicans also, were found to have ' 
a kind of paper prepared from the maguey plant, or 
American aloe, the product of which resembled the 
papyrus of the Egyptians, and took ink and color well. 

The Arabians, in the seventh century, appear to have 
either discovered, or to have learned from the Chinese 
or Hindoos, quite likely from the latter, the art of 



lo Chronology of the Origin and 

making paper from cotton ; for it is known that a 
manufactory of such paper was established at Samar- 
cand about the year 706 a.d. The Arabians seem 
to have carried the art to Spain, and to have there made 
paper from linen and hemp as well as from cotton. 

The art of manufacturing paper from cotton is sup- 
posed to have found its way into Europe in the eleventh 
century. The first paper of that kind was made of 
raw cotton ; but its manufacture was by the Arabians 
extended to old worn-out cotton, and even to the 
smallest pieces it is said. But as there are cotton- 
plants of various kinds, it was natural that they should 
produce papers of different qualities ; and it was impos- 
sible to unite their woolly particles so firmly as to form 
a strong substantial paper, for want of sufficient skill 
and proper machinery, using, as they did, mortars and 
rude horse mills. The Greeks, it is said, made use of 
cotton paper before the Latins. It came into Germany 
through Venice, and was called Greek parchment. 

The Moors, who were the paper-makers of Spain, 
having been expelled by the Spaniards, the latter, ac- 
quainted with water-mills, improved the manufacture 
so as to produce a paper from cotton nearly equal to 
that made of linen rags. 

It is not known when cotton paper was introduced 
into England, but it appears that its use continued 
until the latter part of the fourteenth century, when it 
was gradually supplanted by linen paper, which began 
to be used in 1342. 

Paper manufactures early became a very flourishing 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 1 

product in France, and the paper-makers in that coun- 
try soon excelled their neighbors in the art, and were 
therefore enabled to export considerable quantities, 
which increased so much yearly, that in 1658 two 
millions francs in value was exported to Holland alone ; 
and k provided Spain, England, Switzerland, Den- 
mark, Sweden, Russia, but chiefly Holland, and the 
Levant, with paper for printing and writing \ and as 
late as the beginning of the present century twenty- 
five thousand reams were annually exported to Swit- 
zerland and Germany. But at this time the art of 
paper-making had arrived at a great degree of perfec- 
tion in England ^nd Holland, whereby the export 
from France was so much reduced, that, of four hun- 
dred paper-mills in two provinces, three hundred were 
discontinued. 

Peter the Great, of Russia, visited the paper-mill at 
Dresden, in 1712, and was so much pleased with the 
art, that he engaged paper-makers whom he sent to 
Moscow, to establish a paper-mill at his own expense. 
The first paper-mill of which we have found any 
account in America, was that of William Ritting- 
huysen, at Roxborough, near Philadelphia, in 1690, 
on a stream still called Paper-mill run. 

In the manufacture of paper, any fibrous vegetable 
substance may be used. Wood and straw are much 
employed, but the process of manufacture was for a 
long time found too difficult and expensive, except for 
newspapers, and other coarse qualities. 

Although a French paper-maker claimed to have 



12 Chronology of the Origin and 

obviated, by the aid of chemistry, all difficulties in the 
use of straw, and the experiments of Mr. Beardslee 
of Albany, were so far successful a few years since as 
to lead many to hope for an economical mode of con- 
verting the forests into paper to supply the all-devour- 
ing maw of the press, yet it is still thought that we 
shall never find anything to answer the purpose so 
well as linen and cotton rags. The Chinese employ a 
vast number of fibrous substances for this manufacture, 
and apply paper to a variety of uses little thought of 
in other countries. But if, as is foreshadowed, we 
come to construct houses and ships from this material, 
they will in turn wonder at us, no doubt. 

In all kinds of paper-making, whether from the bark 
of trees or other fibrous matter, or from rags, the 
general process is the same. The fibrous material is 
cut and bruised in water till it is separated into fine 
and short filaments, and becomes a sort of pulp. This 
pulp is taken up in a thin and even layer upon a mould 
of wire-cloth, or something similar, which allows the 
water to drain off", but retains the fibrous matter, the 
filaments of which are, by the process of reduction to 
pulp, and subsequent drying and pressing, so inter- 
woven and fitted together, that they cannot be sepa- 
rated without tearing, and thus form paper. 

But the manufacture of paper, though an interesting 
process to witness, is difficult to describe intelligibly. 
Under the article Paper, the whole subject is 
briefly but comprehensively treated in Appleton's 
American Cyclopedia. Like the art of printing, paper 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 13 

making has undergone a wonderful change within 
the last half century, calling into use immense steam 
and water power, and ponderous machinery, that 
consume the cast-ofF habiliments of the population 
of the whole world, and now require other material 
for consumption, to keep pace with the demand 
for their fabrics. 





BABYLONIAN, OR CHALDEAN BRICK. 

Mode of impressing characters in clay, on a cylinder, wMch was 
afterwards baked hard for preserving records. 



CHRONOLOGY OF PAPEE. 



D f^^^^g^UMA, who lived three hundred years 
•• ^^r^MLffi? before Alexander, left: several works 
'^iPNSh^tl^f'' written upon papyrus, according to 
i^iSmli^llf Pl'^y^ which were still found at Rome 
.^g^^sis^^i^vj-svig;^ a long time after his death, and is 
perhaps the earliest mention of the use of that sub- 
stance. Unfortunately for the fact, the critics have 
abolished Numa. 

600 B. c. Manufactories of Egyptian paper from 
papyrus, are supposed to have existed at Memphis. 
But papyrus manuscripts are found in the catacombs, 
apparently several thousand years old. 

500 B. c. In Confucius's time the Chinese were 
innocent of ink and paper in the proper sense of the 
terms ; their ink then being a sort of paint, their 
paper bamboo tablets, and their pen simply a short 
pointed stick. 

440 B. c. Herodotus alludes to the general use of 
parchment among the lonians at this time, under the 
term of sheep and goat skins. 

300 B. c. For at least three hundred years before 
Christ, papyrus was exported in large quantities from 
Egypt. 



1 6 Chronology of the Origin and 

270 B. c. The Jewish elders, by order of the high 
priest, carried a copy of the law to Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus, in letters of gold upon skins, the pieces of which 
were so artfully united that the joinings did not appear. 

216 B. c. Pliny expresses the opinion in his Natu- 
ral History, xix, 7, that spartum was first brought 
into Spain from Africa by the Carthaginians under 
Hannibal. Livy says that Hannibal stored vast quan- 
tities for various purposes. 

200 B. c. A better method of dressing parchment 
was found at Pergamus about this time, which led to 
the supposition that parchment was invented there, 
and hence derived its name. 

15 A. D. About this time, during the reign of 
Tiberius, a popular commotion arose in consequence 
of the scarcity of papyrus 5 the commerce in which 
had flourished a long time, but the supply seems to 
have been always less than the demand. 

79. Herculaneum was overwhelmed, a city so 
obscure that very little account has been given of it 
by ancient writers ; yet eighteen hundred manuscripts 
on papyrus have been taken from its ruins. 

95. Du Halde says it was in this year that a man- 
darin of the palace manufactured paper of the bark of 
different trees, and old rags of silk and hemp. During 
this century they are said to have made sheets of paper 
ten or twelve feet long, of the inner bark of the bamboo. 

280. The Japanese wrote upon silk faced with 
linen, and also used very thin wood shavings. About 
this time paper was first imported from the Corea, 
which superseded those fabrics. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 7 

284. The Romans sent to China a present of 30,000 
sheets of strong brownish paper, made of tree bark. 
The Chinese are said to have improved upon the 
Roman hint, and subsequently brought their paper 
manufacture to a greatly improved state. 

290^ About this time the value of papyrus was so 
great that when Firmus, a rich and ambitious merchant 
striving at empire, conquered for a brief period the 
city of Alexandria, he boasted that he had seized as 
much paper and size as would support his whole army. 

450. Proteaux says that a thick card or card-like 
paper came in use during the fifth century, when the 
manufacture of papyrus was declining. — De Vinne's 
Invention of Printings p. 136. 

500. About this time Theodoric abolished the duty 
on papyrus, which contributed to the revenue of the 
Roman empire, and fresh imposts had been laid upon 
it by successive rulers, until they became oppressive. 
Cassiodorus congratulates " the whole world on the 
repeal of the impost on an article so essentially neces- 
sary to the human race," "the general use of which," 
as Pliny says, " polishes and immortalizes man." 

572. There is a manuscript in the British Museum, 
which appears to have been written at this time upon 
a roll of papyrus eight feet and a half long, and twelve 
inches wide. The longest specimen of papyrus 
known is the one at Paris, measuring thirty feet. 

600. About this time paper made of bark was used 
by the Longobards, for the imperial protocols, in order 
to render the forging of diplomas more difficult. 



1 8 Chronology of the Origin and 

6 10. Two priests were introduced into Japan from 
the Corea, to establish the manufacture of paper ; but 
the fabric of the Coreans being imperfect, the use of 
mulberry bark was devised by Taishi, and became a 
most prosperous industry. 

648. There was a manufactory of paper at Samar- 
cand, similar to that which had long been made by 
the Chinese. 

650. The Saracens having become masters of 
Egypt, the intercourse with Rome was so much in- 
terrupted that the supply of papyrus became scanty 
and precarious. Previously to that event, all public 
records had been executed on papyrus, while it is 
found that at a date immediately subsequent parchment 
was substituted. 

704. The Arabians are supposed to have acquired 
the knowledge of making paper of cotton, by their 
conquests in Tartary. 

706. Casiri, a Spanish author, attributes the inven- 
tion of cotton paper to Joseph Amru, in this year, at 
Mecca ; but it is well known that the Chinese and 
Persians were acquainted with its manufacture before 
this period. 

900. The bulls of the popes in the eighth and ninth 
centuries were written upon cotton paper. 

900. Montfaucon, who on account of his diligence 
and the extent of hjs researches is great authority, at- 
tempted to show that charta homhycine^ cotton paper, 
was discovered in the empire of the east toward the 
end of the ninth or beginning of the tenth century. 
But see 706. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 19 

1007. The plenarium, or inventory, of the treasure 
of the church of Sandersheim, is written upon paper 
of cotton, bearing this date. 

1049. '^^^ oldest manuscript in England written 
upon cotton paper, is in the Bodleian collection of the 
BritisJi Museum, having this date. 

1050. The most ancient manuscript on cotton 
paper, that has been discovered in the Royal Library 
at Paris having a date, bears record of this year. 

1085. The Christian successors of Moorish paper- 
makers at Toledo in Spain, worked the paper mills to 
better advantage than their predecessors. Instead of 
manufacturing paper of raw cotton, which is easily- 
recognized by its yellowness and brittleness, they made 
it of rags, in moulds through which the water ran off j, 
for this reason it was called parchment cloth. 

1 100. The Aphorisms of Hippocrates^ in Arabic, the 
manuscript of which bears this date, has been pro- 
nounced the oldest specimen of linen paper that has 
come to light. 

1 100. Arabic manuscripts were at this time written 
on satin paper, and embellished with a quantity of 
ornamental work, painted in such gay and resplendent 
colors that the reader might behold his face reflected 
as if from a mirror. 

1 100. There was a diploma of Roger, king of Sicily, 
dated 1145, i^ which he says that he had renewed on 
parchment a charter that had been written on cotton 
paper in iioo. 

1 102. The king of Sicily appears to have accorded 



iilr 



20 Chronology of the Origin and 

a diploma to an ancient family of paper-makers who 
had established a manufactory in that, island, where 
cotton was indigenous, and this has been thought to 
point to the origin of cotton paper, quite erroneously. 
1 1 20. Peter the Venerable, abbot of Clum, who 
flourished about this time, declared that paper from 
linen rags was in use in his day. 

1 150. Edrisi, who wrote at this time, tells us that the 
paper made at Xativa, an ancient city of Valencia, was 
excellent, and was exported to countries east and west. 

1 15 1. An Arabian author certifies that very fine 
white cotton paper was manufactured in Spain, and 
Cacim aben Hegi assures us that the best was made 
at Xativa. The Spaniards being acquainted with 
water-mills, improved upon the Moorish method of 
grinding the raw cotton and rags ; and by stamping 
the latter in the mill, they produced a better pulp than 
from raw cotton, by which various sorts of paper 
were manufactured, nearly equal to those made from 
linen rags. 

1 153. Petrus Mauritius, who died in this year, has 
the following passage on paper in his Treatise against 
the yews : '* The books we read every day are made 
of sheep, goat, or calf skin ; or of oriental plants, that 
is, the papyrus of Egypt ; or of rags [ex rasauris veterum 
pannorum)" supposed to allude to modern paper. 

1 1 70. The time when papyrus wholly ceased to be 
used is not certainly known ; but Eustathius, the scho- 
liast on Homer, says it was disused before this time. 

1 178. A Treaty of peace between the kings of 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 1 

Aragon and Castile, is the oldest specimen of linen 
paper used in Spain with a date. It is supposed that 
the Moors, on their settlement in Spain, where cotton 
was scarce, made paper of hemp and flax. The in- 
ventor of linen-rag paper, whoever he was, is entitled 
to the gratitude of posterity. 

1200. Casiri positively affirms that there are manu- 
scripts in the Escurial palace near Madrid, upon both 
cotton and hemp paper, written prior to this time. 

1 22 1. Frederic II of Germany, in consideration of 
the bad quality of paper made of cotton, its subjection 
to humidity, to alteration, and other defects, issued an 
order, nullifying all public acts which should be upon 
cotton paper, allowing two years to transcribe upon 
parchment all sucli as then existed. 

1 239. One of the earliest specimens of paper from 
linen rags, which has yet been discovered, is a docu- 
ment, with the seals preserved, of this date, and 
signed by Adolphus, count of Schaumburg. It is pre- 
served in the university of Rinteln in Germany, and 
establishes the fact beyond dispute that linen paper 
was already in use in Germany. 

1 190. The oldest specimens of paper documents at 
Paris are said to be bonds given to Jews by the chiefs 
of Richard I of England, to aid the crusade of that 
monarch. 

1270. By far the oldest manuscript written in 
France upon modern paper, is a letter from Joinville 
to St. Louis, which bears date a short time before the 
death of that monarch in 1270. 



22 Chronology of the Origin and 

1270. Notwithstanding the most diligent search of 
the learned antiquary Montfaucon, both in France and 
Italy, he could find no book nor leaf of paper made 
of linen rags, before this year ; whence it was con- 
cluded that there was no hope of finding an exact 
date to the invention. 

1280. At this time very little use was made of 
Egyptian paper for diplomas, in England and Germany, 
but parchment was the universal substitute ; and yet 
no map of parchment made before the sixth century 
is known to have been discovered. 

1290. The first paper mill in Germany is said to 
have been constructed at Ravensburg. [Is this a 
misprint of Regensburg, now Ratisbon ?] 

1308. Meerman satisfied himself that linen paper 
was used in Germany at this time, but was not able 
to decide in what country its invention originated. 

131 1. No other than Egyptian papyrus and cotton 
paper, it is asserted, was known in France before this 
time ; although a letter is produced which is claimed 
to be linen paper, written before 1270. (See 1270.) 

1314. The earliest undisputed French manuscript 
on linen paper is of this date, but it is not conclusive 
that it was fabricated in France. 

1318, In Deutschland kommt leinenes Papier vor 
1318 schwerlich vor ; von diesem Jahre aber hat das 
Archiv des Hospitals Kauf beuern Urkunden auf 
lienenem Papier aufzuzeigen. — Conversations-Lexikon. 

1319. Linen paper is said to have been found at 
Nuremberg by Von Murr of this date. (See 1342.) 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 2,3 

1320. The earliest English manuscript on linen 
paper with a date that has been discovered is of the 
fourteenth year of Edward III. 

1330. The construction of the first paper mill in 
Italy is placed in this year. 

1^30. Mr. Hunter, of the London Society of Anti- 
quaries, could find no water mark in specimens of 
paper which he had investigated from 1302 to this 
date. His researches were among account books ren- 
dered to the English exchequer by officers employed 
in Aquitaine, and in the public archives of England, 
by which he determined that the earliest paper used 
was all foreign, and without any manufacturer's sym- 
bol. In a book of accounts of the constable of Bor- 
deaux, of this date, he discovered the first mark, which 
was a ram's face. 

1338. Peter II of Valencia, issued a command to 
the paper-makers at Valencia and Xativa, under pain 
of punishment, to manufacture better paper, which 
was to be equal to that formerly made ; showing that 
the manufacture had degenerated. 

1339. From a piece of very coarse cotton paper, 
bearing this date, in the possession of Meerman, who 
wrote about 1760, he argues that the art of paper- 
making was still neglected by the Spaniards, and that 
prior to the middle of the fourteenth century no linen 
paper had been manufactured in that country, yet the 
connoisseurs of Spain still persist in terming it linen 
paper. 

1 340. Tiraboschi, in his history of Italian literature, 



24 Chronology of the Origin and 

places the establishment of paper-making at Padua in 
this year, deriving his authority from a passage of the 
ancient history of that city by Cortusius. 

1340. Peignot says it was about this time that the 
manufacture of paper was established in France, in 
the neighborhood of Troyes and Essonne. Lombardy 
furnished paper to the French before this time. 

1342. It has been claimed that the earliest manu- 
script in England on linen paper has the above date 
(see 1320). In the Cottonian Library of the British 
Museum, it is said there are several writings on this 
kind of paper, as early as the year 1335. Linen paper 
gradually supplanted that made of cotton. 

1342. The Royal Society of Gottingen adjudged to 
John Daniel Fladd a prize medal of twenty-five ducats 
for the discovery of the most ancient linen paper, 
which bears this date. It is claimed that earlier speci- 
mens have been found. (See 1319.) 

1350. There was a large manufactory of paper at 
Fabbriano in Italy, which, according to the description 
of Bartolus, had been long established, and enlarged 
from time to time, till it consisted of several mills 
belonging to different persons, although the whole 
formed only one manufactory of cotton paper. 

1350. Although cotton paper was early introduced 
into Germany, and at the commencement of the ninth 
century was known under the name of Greek parch- 
ment, and although cotton and flax were spun and 
wove in that country in the tenth century, the manu- 
facture of paper can not be traced beyond the middle 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 25 

of the fourteenth century, when it was made by stamp- 
ing mills. 

1352. Date of a bill which reads thus: '*To 
George Cosyn, for one quartern of royal paper, to 
make painters' patterns, I0(5?." 

13^. The first paper mill in Austria, established 
for producing paper from linen rags, was erected at 
Leesdorf, near Baden. This place now (1874), pro- 
duces the best paper machines. [By a transposition 
of figures, apparently this date has been given as* 1536.] 

1360. Ulman Stromer began to write at Nurem- 
berg the first work ever published on paper-making. 

1360. The Paper Trade Journal oi ]?in. 15, 1874, 
states that the manufacture of paper in France was. 
begun this year. 

1366. The senate of Venice granted an exclusive.- 
privilege to the paper-mill at Treviso, that no linen- 
paper shavings or ofFal should be exported from Venice, 
than for the use of that mill. This would seem to 
show that linen paper was already in use there. 

1367. It is thought that there was no linen paper* 
used in Italy before this time. The knowledge of 
cotton paper came by means of the Greeks to Italy j 
and the art of making it in Sicily, through the inva- 
sion of the Saracens. 

1367. A document of a notary of this date proves 
the use of linen paper in Italy ; and MafFei states that 
he possessed a family manuscript of linen paper of the 
same date, and he therefore attempts to appropriate 
the invention of linen paper to Italy. 
3 



26 Chronology of the Origin and 

1376. Du Cange cites the following lines from a 
French metrical romance written about this time, to 
show that waxen tablets continued to be occasionally 
used till a late period : 

Some with antiquated style 

In waxen tablets promptly write; 

Others with finer pen, the while 
Form letters lovelier to the sight. 

There are many ample and authentic records of the 
royal household of France, of the thirteenth and four- 
teenth centuries, still preserved, written upon waxen 
tablets. 

1377. A charter of this date, given at Fabbriano in 
Italy, relates to the lease of a mill with a waterfall, 
ad faciendas cartas. It was from the mills of this place 
that Bodoni, at the commencement of the present cent- 
ury, obtained the paper for his beautiful editions. 

1390. Ulman Stromer established a large paper mill 
at Nuremberg, where were many Italian workmen. 
He employed two rollers., which set eighteen stampers 
in motion ; but when he would add another roller, he 
was opposed by the Italians whom he employed, who 
would not consent to the enlarging of his manufac- 
ture ; but they were imprisoned by the magistrates, 
when they submitted, renewing their oaths. He died 
in 1407. This is the first mill known to have been 
erected in Germany, which is said to have made the 
first paper from rags in Europe. But see 1350, 
1366, etc. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 27 

1400. There were paper-mills at Colle in Tuscany, 
which were moved by water power. 

1450. It is said that copies of the Bible printed upon 
parchment, by Gutenberg of this date, are found at 
Berlin, Brunswick, St. Blaise Monastery, and Paris, 
in thr«e volumes, folio. This was possibly the first 
printed Bible, instead of the one known as the 
Mazarine Bible, of 2 vols. 

1453. After the fall of Constantinople some Greeks 
established a manufactory at Basle, in Switzerland. 

1468. An edict of Charles VIII attests that there 
were manufactories of paper at Troyes, Corbeil, and 
Essonne. 

1470. We have the authority of the Paper Trade 
'Journal^ that the first paper mill in Switzerland was 
erected this vear. 

1471. Sweynheim and Pannartz, in a petition to 
the pope for assistance, informed him that the number 
of books they had printed and which remained on their 
hands was so great that he would admire how and 
where they could have procured a sufficient quantity 
of paper, or even rags, for such a number of volumes, 
which amounted to 12,475. This would probably 
have required about 1250 reams. 

1498. An entry has been found in the privy purse 
expenses of Henry VII, as follows : " For a rewarde 
yeven at the paper mylne, i6j. 8(5^.," which establishes 
the fact that a paper mill preceded that of Spilman 
nearly a century, and was probably the mill mentioned 
below. 



28 Chronology of the Origin and 

1498. In Wynken de Worde's edition De Proprie- 
tatibus Rerum^ it is stated that the paper was made by 
John Tate the younger, in these quaint lines : 

"And John Tate the younger Joye mote he broke, 
Whiche late hathe in Englond doo make this paper thynne. 
That now in our englyssh this book is prynted Inne." 

This mill was at Hartford. The water-mark he used 
was an eight-pointed star within a double circle. A 
print of it is given in Herbert's Typ. Antiquities^ i, 200. 

1500. Paintings of this date by Julio Clavio, on 
parchment, are preserved in the Vatican. The art of 
painting on parchment was common before the art of 
painting with oil colors was discovered. 

15 14. John Tate died, who is supposed to have 
erected the first paper mill in England, about 1498. 

1539. An ancient water-mark (erroneously so 
termed) of this era, consisted of a hand with a star at 
the fingers' ends, and is supposed to have given the 
name to what is still termed hand paper. 

1539. A favorite paper-mark of this time was the 
jug or pot, and is supposed to have originated the term 
pot paper. The fool's cap was of a later date, and has 
given place in England to the figure of Britannia. 

1540. About this time Henry VHI of England, in 
the wildness of his hatred of the pope, used for his 
correspondence a paper of which the water-mark was 
a hog with a mitre. 

1552. Henry H of France exempted paper from all 
taxes and subsidies. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 29 

1558. Churchyard's Spark of Friendship was first 
printed this year, and mentions the paper mill of Spil- 
man, which is often quoted as the first paper mill in 
England underthedate of 1588, q. V. (See also 1498.) 

1562. A work printed in this year mentions a paper 
millet Fen Ditton, near Cambridge, England. 

1564. Charles IX of France having put an impost 
upon paper, the university brought the subject before 
the parliament, when Montholon and De Thou advo- 
cated the abolition of the tax, and the university gained 
its cause. 

1565. Charles IX of France, at the remonstrance 
of the university and the decision of the parliament, 
aboUshed the duty which he had laid upon paper. 

1588. Nicholas, in his Progresses of ^een Elizabeth^ 
gives a poem with the following title • A Description 
and Playne Discourse of Paper ^ and the whole Benefits 
that Paper brings^ with Rehearsall^ and setting foorth in 
Verse a Paper-myll built near Darthforth^ by a high Ger- 
maine^ called Master Spilman^ Jeweller to the ^ueene's 
Majestie. This is supposed to have been the second 
paper mill in England, and is often mentioned as the 
first. It was erected by a German named Spielman, 
or Spilman, in reward of which he received from 
Elizabeth the honor of knighthood. (See 1558.) 

1 59 1. A document in the Land Revenue Records 
of England, reads thus : " Fenclifton, Co. Cambridge ; 
lease of a water mill called paper mills, late of the 
bishopric of Ely, to John George, dated 14th July, 
34th Eliz." This is evidence of a third paper mill in 
England at this time. 



30 Chronology of the Origin and 

1635. Under the reign of Louis XIII of France, 
an impost upon paper was established, but with the 
condition that the fermier should pay each year the 
sum of ten thousand livres to the royal printing office 
and the university of Paris. 

1640. The manufacture of wall paper was begun 
about this time ; as a substitute for the ancient hang- 
ings of tapestry, or cloth, they reached a high state of 
beauty and perfection. 

1646. Athanasius Kircher, a Jesuit of the seven- 
teenth century, boasted of having paper, among other 
things, made of asbestos. 

1649. The water-mark of the finest English paper 
bore the royal arms. In order to show contempt for 
the king, Charles I, a fool with cap and bells was sub- 
stituted for the arms, which gave the name of foolscap 
to the size of paper still bearing that name ; and 
although those emblems have been taken from the 
paper, still the paper of the size which the parliament 
ordered for their journals bears the name and water- 
mark as an indignity to Charles I. 

1652. Christina of Sweden having invited one of the 
Jansens from Holland as a printer, granted him the 
valuable privilege of importing all his paper duty free. 

1654. Under Louis XIV, the indemnity established 
by his predecessor for the tax upon paper was changed 
to an exemption from duty of thirty thousand reams 
of paper, of all qualities and fabrics, of which the dis- 
tribution was left to the superior of the university. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 3 1 

1655. There were at this early date 80 mills within 
a radius of six leagues around Angouleme, in France. 

1658. The French paper makers produced fabrics 
so much superior to those of their neighbors, and their 
export trade had become so flourishing in consequence, 
that paper to the value of two millions of livres was 
this year sent to Holland ; and they provided Spain, 
England, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, but 
chiefly Holland and the Levant, with paper for print- 
ing and writing. 

1661. Fuller, writing of the paper of his time, says 
that it partook in some sort of the characters of the 
countries which made it ; the Venetian being subtil, 
neat, and court-like ; the French light, slight and 
slender, and the Dutch thick, corpulent and gross, 
sucking up the ink with the sponginess thereof. He 
complains that the English manufactories were not 
sufficiently encouraged, considering the vast amount 
expended for paper out of Italy, France, and Germany. 

1663. England imported from Holland alone, paper 
to the amount of <£ 100,000. 

1670. Post paper seems to have derived its name 
from the post horn, which at one time was its distin- 
guishing mark. It does not appear to have been used 
prior to the establishment of the general post office, 
here given, when it became the custom to blow a horn, 
to which circumstance its introduction is attributed. 

1670. The manufacture of paper was still carried 
on with so little success in England, that the deficiency 
of that indispensable fabric was imported from the 
continent, and principally from France. 



32 Chronology of the Origin and 

1678. At the end of a book with this date is the 
following singular advertisement : " To the king's 
most excellent majesty, this book is humbly presented, 
being printed upon English paper, and made within 
five miles of Windsor, by Eustace Burneby, Esquire, 
who was the first Englishman that brought it into 
England ; attested by Henry Million, who was over- 
seer in the making of this royal manufacture." (See 
1498, 1558, 1588.) 

1685. "^^^ first paper mill erected in Holland, ac- 
cording to a writer in the Paper Trade 'Journal; but 
the date seems to need investigation. 

1685. Among the French refugees who went over 
to England, were a number of paper makers, who are 
supposed to have greatly improved the manufacture in 
the latter country. 

1687. A proclamation was made for the establish- 
ment of a manufactory of white paper in England. 

1688. It is stated in the British Merchant^ that 
hardly any sort of paper except brown, was made in 
England previous to the revolution. 

1689. Edmund Bohun says in his Autobiography^ 
that " paper became so dear, that all printing stopped, 
almost, and the stationers did not care to undertake 
anything." 

1690. Anderson states in his History of Commerce 
that it was in this year paper was first manufactured 
in England (see 1588); and that up to this time Eng- 
land imported paper from France to the amount of 
i6 1 00,000 yearly ; but as the war with France occa- 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. ^3 

sioned very high duties to be laid on foreign produc- 
tions, some French protestant refugees settled in 
England, and introduced the manufacture of white 
writing paper. 

1690. William Rittinghuysen, now spelled Ritten- 
housqgi a native of Broich, in Holland, emigrated to 
America and was among the early settlers of German- , 
town. Pa. In the year 1690, he in company with 
Wm. Bradford, the printer, established a paper mill, 
the first in America, in Roxborough, near Philadelphia, 
on a stream called Paper-mill run, which empties into 
the Wissahickon, about two miles above its junction 
with the river Schuylkill. This mill supplied Brad- 
ford with paper while he lived in Philadelphia, and 
after he settled in New York. The paper was made 
from linen rags, the product of flax which was raised 
in the vicinity, and manufactured into wearing apparel. 

1695. A company was formed in Scotland "for 
making white writing and printing paper," the articles 
of which are in the library of the British Museum. 

1696. It appears by a document in the British 
Museum entitled the Case of the Paper Traders^ that a 
bill was now pending for levying 20 per cent upon 
foreign paper, parchment, vellum, and pasteboard, and 
20 per cent upon English paper, &c. It is also stated 
that there were not at this time one hundred paper 
mills in all England, and that the value of paper an- 
nually made was only about ^28,000. It is further 
said that the paper makers were generally very poor 
and could scarce maintain their families. 



34 Chronology of the Origin and 

1697. William Bradford leased his fourth part of 
the paper mill near Germantown, Pa., to William and 
Nicholas Rittenhouse, for a term of ten years, upon 
the following terms : that they should pay " y^ full 
quantity of seven ream of printing paper, two ream 
of good writing paper, and two ream of blue paper, 
yearly." 

1700. Though several unsuccessful attempts had 
been made to introduce the manufacture of paper into 
Belgium, it was not until about this time that it became 
regularly established, by the aid of government ; nor 
was its progress rapid during the eighteenth century. 

1700. There were four hundred paper mills in the 
provinces of Perigord and Angoumois, in France ; but 
the art of paper making had now attained such a 
degree of perfection in England and Holland, that 
the trade of these mills began to decline, and finally 
three-fourths of them were shut up. 

1 70 1. An effort was made in parliament to affix a 
tax upon cheap publications which had just come into 
vogue, yet the quantity of paper consumed by them 
was estimated at 20,000 reams a year. 

1 7 10. The second paper mill in America was 
erected in that part of Germantown, Pa., called Cre- 
feld, on a small stream that emptied into the Wissa- 
hickon creek near the manor of Springfield, by William 
De Wees, a brother-in-law of Nicholas Rittenhouse, 
son of the first paper maker. 

171 !• The excise duty on paper was first imposed 
in England during the reign of Queen Anne, occa- 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 3 5 

sioned by " the necessity of raising large supplies of 
money to carry on the present war." The necessity 
seems not to have ceased since. 

1 7 12. Peter the Great of Russia visited Dresden 
and witnessed the operation of paper making, with 
which Jje was so much pleased that he immediately 
engaged workmen to be sent to Moscow, where a mill 
was erected with great privileges. 

1 7 13. Thomas Watkin, a London stationer, re- 
vived the art of paper making in England, which had 
gone to decay ; he brought it to great repute and per- 
fection in a short time. 

1 7 16. John Bagford, the most extraordinary con- 
noisseur of paper ever known, died in England. His 
skill was so great that it is said he could at first sight 
tell the place where and the time when, any paper was 
made, though at never so many years' distance. He 
prepared materials for a history of paper making, which 
are now in the British Museum, numbered 5891 to 
5988. 

1 7 19. Reaumur, in an essay published at this time, 
seems to have been the first author who perceived that 
paper might be produced from wood. Observing that 
the fabric of wasps' nests was procured from wood, he 
took the hint, and explaining his own conceptions on 
the subject, desired that some one of those who had 
an opportunity should make the experiment. 

1720. The kings of Spain having granted monopo- 
lizing privileges to many convents for the manufacture 
of paper, and when it came again into private hands, 



^6 Chronology of the Origin and 

fixed ' such a low price upon printed books, the trade 
went to decay. The Genoese, availing themselves of 
the opportunity, and procuring considerable quantities 
of rags from Andalusia, in this year sent back paper 
to Spain to the amount of 500,000 piasters. 

1 72 1. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain annually was estimated at three hundred thou- 
sand reams, which was equal to about two-thirds of 
the whole consumption. 

1723. The Dutch were importing large quantities 
of paper from France, there being few paper mills in 
Holland. 

1723. The value of the paper annually made in 
Great Britain was estimated at £780,000. 

1724. At a meeting of the legislative council of the 
state of New York, a bill was brought in from the 
assembly to encourage William Bradford and his as- 
signs to make paper, and to prohibit all other persons 
from making the same in the province during the 
space of fifteen years, and desiring the concurrence 
of that board. On the i8th July the motion was put 
whether the said bill should be read a third time, and 
was negatived. 

1727. Dr. Brueckmann, a German naturalist, pub- 
lished his work on stones, in which he treats of 
asbestos, and foui" copies of the book were printed 
on paper made of that material. 

1728. William Demers and John Gorgas erected 
the third paper mill in Pennsylvania. They had been 
apprentices of Rittenhouse, and are said to have made 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. ^1 

a paper resembling asses skin from a species of rotten 
stone, found in the vicinity, which was prepared for 
use by being thrown into the fire for a short time. 

1728. A patent was granted by the general court 
of Massachusetts to a company for the sole purpose of 
manufacturing paper, for a term of ten years, on con- 
dition that in the first fifteen months they should make 
115 reams of brown paper and 60 reams of printing 
paper ; the second year 50 reams of writing paper in 
addition to the above ; and the third year and after- 
wards yearly, 25 reams of a superior quality of writing 
paper in addition to the foregoing ; and that the total 
annual produce of the various qualities should not be 
less than 500 reams a year. 

1728. William Bradford owned a paper mill at 
Ehzabethtown, N. J., which Thomas thinks was the 
first in that state. 

1 729. A paper mill was erected upon Chester creek, 
Delaware county. Pa., by Thomas Wilcox. The 
old mill was taken down in 1829. See 1853. 

1730. The first paper mill in New England went 
into operation in Milton, Mass., under a patent granted 
two years before. It was carried on several years, and 
is supposed to have been discontinued for want of a 
workman. This was probably the paper mill of 
Daniel Henchman, an enterprising bookseller of 
Boston, who is said to have petitioned for and received 
some aid from the legislature of Massachusetts, and 
erected the first paper mill in that colony. 

1 73 1. Daniel Henchman, who with legislative aid 



38 Chronology of the Origin and 

erected the first paper mill in Massachusetts, produced 
a sample of his paper before the general court. 

1732. Richard Fry, stationer, bookseller, paper 
maker and rag merchant, in Cornhill, Boston, returned 
the public thanks for following the directions of his 
former advertisement encouraging the gathering of 
rags, and hoped they would continue the like method, 
having received upwards of seven thousand weight 
already. 

1734. Seba, a Flemish writer on natural history, 
whose first volume was published this year, called 
attention to the fact that his country ^' does not seem 
to want trees fit for making paper, if people would give 
themselves the necessary trouble and expense. -Alga 
marina^ for example, which is composed of long, 
strong, viscous filaments, might it not be proper for 
this purpose, as well as the mats of Muscovy, if they 
were prepared as the Japanese make their timber ? " 

1746. The English had manufactures of papiers 
pe'ints about this time, and more recently the Messrs. 
Potter erected at Manchester a colossal establishment, 
which by an ingenious machine printed four colors at 
a time, and which by the aid of eight machines, pro- 
duced in a single day from 8 to 10,000 rolls, which 
was more than was produced by all the London man- 
ufactories. 

1748. The decrease of exports of French paper from 
Rouen was so great that many of the mills were con- 
verted to other uses, principally to fulling mills. 

1750. About this time the cylinder or engine mode 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 39 

of comminuting rags into paper pulp appears to have 
been invented in Holland, but received very little at- 
tention abroad for several years after. 

1 750. It was in this year that Baskerville, to obviate 
the roughness of the laid paper of that time, had it 
made oft wove moulds ; his beautiful edition of Virgil 
(see 1757) was chiefly printed on this wove paper. 

1 75 1. Many suitable vegetables had been dis- 
covered, and schemes proposed for converting them 
into paper, as a substitute for rags, but none were 
carried into effect until now, when M. Guettard, in 
France, published his experiments and communicated 
new specimens of paper made from the bark, leaves, 
wood, &c., of different plants, shrubs and trees. 

1754. Dutch workmen were brought into Austria 
at the public expense by the empress Maria Theresa, 
for the instruction of master paper makers ; and the 
monopoly to buy rags was abolished. 

1755. The Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingen 
offered a premium to trace the exact time of the dis- 
covery of the manufacture of paper from linen. (See 

1763-) 

1756. It has been noted that engines were not used 
in American mills before this time, but that rags were 
still reduced to pulp by being pounded. 

1756. William Hutton opened the first paper ware- 
house in Manchester, England. 

1756. The first attempt to manufacture paper of 
straw was now made in Germany, and was induced by 
the scarcity of rags. A treatise was printed on the 



40 Chronology of the Origin and 

subject, giving a plan for reducing all vegetables into 
pulp, and bleaching the same. 

1757. An edition of Virgil vi^as printed by Basker- 
ville in England, principally upon v^rhat the French 
term papier velin. It vi^as an English invention, and 
this vi^as the first w^ork printed upon it. 

1759. Until this period rags vi^ere reduced to pulp 
by means of stampers, a slow^ process, requiring con- 
siderable motive power ; to remedy this, cylinders 
with sharp steel blades for tearing the rags (invented 
in Holland, where the wind-mills, then used for pro- 
pelling machinery, were found inadequate to put these 
stampers in regular and constant motion), began to be 
used in other countries. 

1760. The first paper mill in New England, sup- 
posed to have been stopped for want of a workman to 
carry it on, was revived by a citizen of Boston, who 
obtained for a British soldier stationed there, a furlough 
long enough to enable him to put the mill in operation. 

1 760. The making of paper in England had scarcely 
reached any high degree of perfection until this time, 
when the celebrated James Whatman established his 
reputation at Maidstone. He had visited the most 
celebrated paper mills in Europe, which enabled him 
to acquiie a great celebrity in his profession, and his 
successors have maintained the reputation of the esta- 
blishment to the present time ; a medal having been 
awarded them at the World's fair in 185 1. 

1762. Gerardus Meerman, a Hollander, who wrote 
upon the origin of printing, offered a premium of 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 41 

twenty-five ducats to discover the time of the first 
manufacture of linen paper. Specimens were sent to 
him from different countries, which were claimed to 
be linen ; but all his researches were lost and reduced 
to an uncertainty, through the existing remnants of 
cotton paper, which was in use some centuries before 
linen, because the two are in many respects similar, 
and cotton and linen rags may have been at first mixed ; 
it was therefore rendered more difficult to ascertain 
when the first paper was made from linen rags alone. 

1763. The Royal Society of Science of Gottingen 
renewed their premiums of 1755 for the discovery of 
the period of the introduction of paper. 

1765. Jacob Christian Schaff^ers, of Ratisbon, pub- 
lished a work in octavo, upon the different sorts of 
paper which he could make without the use of rags, 
giving specimens, among which were the coton du 
peuplier, hornets' nests, sawdust, moss, beech, willow, 
aspen, mulberry, clematite, and pine j with hop vines, 
the peelings of grape vines, hemp, the leaves of aloes, 
and lily of the valley ; with arroche, mothwort, masse 
d'eau, barley straw, cabbage stumps, thistle stalks, 
burdock, conferva, wheat straw, broom corn, and 
Bavarian peat. (See 1772.) 

1768. Christopher Leffingwell began to make 
paper at Norwich, Connecticut, about this time, and 
was encouraged by the legislature with the promise 
of a bounty. 

1768. Such was the reputation of the paper fabri- 
cated in Holland, that the French- Academy of 
4 



42 Chronology of the Origin and 

Sciences, at Paris, sent Demarets to that country for 
the purpose of visiting the mills, and studying the 
process. 

1769. It was announced in the Boston News Letter 
that " the bellcart will go through Boston before the 
end of next month, to collect rags for the paper mill 
at Milton, when all people that will encourage the 
paper manufactory may dispose of them." The 
annexed lines were appended to aid the public zeal : 

" Rags are as beauties, which concealed lie. 
But when in paper how it charms the eye ; 
Pray save your rags, new beauties to discover. 
For paper, truly, every one's a lover : 
By the pen and press such knowledge is displayed, 
As wouldn't exist if paper was not made. 
Wisdom of things, mysterious, divine. 
Illustriously doth on paper shine." 

1770. Christopher Leffingwell, who manufactured 
paper at Norwich, Conn., under the official en- 
couragement of 2d. a quire on all good writing paper, 
and id. a quire on all printing and common- paper 
(see 1768), now received bounty on 4,020 quires of 
writing paper, and 10,600 quires of printing paper, 
after which the government patronage was withdrawn. 

1770. There were eleven large paper mills in Hol- 
land in which wind mills were used to drive the cutting 
and grinding engines, which performed more labor in 
an hour than the German water mills with the stampers 
would do in six hours. In Saardam 1,000 persons 
were employed in paper making. They imported 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 43 

nine- tenths of their stock ; but exported great quan- 
tities of paper. 

1770. In the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey 
and Delaware, there were forty paper mills, which were 
supposed to make ^6 100,000 worth of paper annually. 

1772. There were two mills in operation in Italy 
for the manufacture of paper from maize, or Turkish 
wheat ; but we have no account of their success, nor 
that the manufacture was more than an experiment. 

1772. A book was printed in Germany, containing 
upwards of sixty specimens of paper, made of different 
materials, the result of one man's experiments alone. 
The author was Jacob Christian SchafFers,^ and a 
copy is in the Smithsonian Institution library. 

1774. Scheele discovered a gas now known as chlo- 
rine, which, in combination with lime, came to be 
employed in bleaching paper to a very great extent. 

1775. There were, at the breaking out of the revo- 
lution, three small paper mills in Massachusetts ; in 
New Hampshire none ; and one in Rhode Island out 
of repair. The paper which these mills could make 
fell far short of the necessary supply. Paper, of 
course, was very scarce, and what could be procured 
was badly manufactured, not having more than half 
the requisite labor bestowed upon it. It was often 
taken from the mill wet and unsized. The people 



* This work of Schaffers, frediger %u Regemburg^ is entitled Sammt- 
licbe Paphrversucbe. It seems to have been the second work by this 
author on the subject (see 1765). Ratisbon is the more common 
name for the ancient city of Regensburg. 



44 Chronology of the Origin and 

had not acquired the habit of saving rags, and stock 
for the manufacture of paper was obtained with great 
difficulty. Everything like rags was ground up to- 
gether to make paper, which accounts for the peculiar 
colors often observed in the paper of this time. 

1775. The Maryland convention resolved that the 
sum of 400 pounds, common money, be advanced to 
James Dorset, of Baltimore county, he giving bond 
with sufficient security to repay the same within two 
years, without interest, either in cash, or writing or 
cartridge paper, or in such proportions of each as this 
or a future convention, or council of safety, in their 
recess shall direct and order ; that is to say : one-third 
part thereof within twelve months, and the other two- 
thirds within two years from the date of said bond; 
he at the same time engaging to build a mill for that 
purpose within six months- from the date of his said 
contract j and to sell to the inhabitants of this province 
any kind of paper which he may make, as cheap as 
the same can or shall be sold at any mill in the pro- 
vince of Pennsylvania. 

1775. The provincial congress of South Carolina 
offered a premium of .£500 currency to the first person 
who should erect and establish a proper paper mill in 
that colony, upon producing three reams of good 
writing paper manufactured thereat. 

1776. William Bellamy, having proposed to the 
provincial congress of South Carolina, that with some 
assistance from the public, he would erect and com- 
plete a proper mill for the making of paper and cutting 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 45 

files at the same time, a committee was appointed to 
take his proposal into consideration. 

1776. A volume was printed in France upon white 
looking paper, made from the bark of the linden (bass- 
wood), at the end of which were some twenty speci- 
mens of paper, made from as many different kinds of 
vegetaT)les. But the poor quality of the fabrics and 
the cost of producing them seem to have discouraged 
the inventors. 

1776. The Massachusetts house of representatives, 
in view of the scarcity of paper, resolved that the 
committees of correspondence, and inspection, and 
safety, in the several towns, be required to appoint 
some suitable person in each town to receive rags for 
the paper mills ; and the inhabitants were desired to 
be very careful in saving even the smallest quantity of 
rags proper for making paper. 

1776. Watson & Ledyard, having a paper mill at 
East Hartford, Ct., wholly supplied the press at Hart- 
ford, which published about 8,000 papers weekly, as 
well as the greater part of the writing paper used in 
Connecticut, and much of that used by the Conti- 
nental army. 

1776. Thomas Loosley and Thomas Elms applied 
to the New York Provincial congress to be exempted 
from military duty as indispensable to the successful 
pursuit of their business as paper makers. (4 Force's ^ 
American Archives^ vi, 615.) By a resolve of the con- 
vention Aug. 14, the master workman and two attend- 
ants at each paper mill were exempted. — 5 Ib.^ i, 15 10. 



46 Chronology of the Origin and 

1776. The Pennsylvania council of safety took 
measures to prevent the paper makers from joining the 
volunteers about to march to New Jersey, congress 
having resolved that they should be detained. 

1777. The French Academy of Sciences sent a 
second deputation to Holland to visit the paper mills 
and learn the process by which their fine papers were 
produced. 

1778. May 9, congress ordered $200 to be paid to 
Charles Cist and James Claypoole towards defraying 
their expenses, on their employment by the treasurer 
in superintending the making of paper for loan-office 
certificates and bills of exchange. 

1778. When the American army entered Philadel- 
phia, in June, upon the evacuation of the British troops, 
there was a want of paper fitted for the construction 
of cartridges. It was advertised for and but a small 
quantity procured. An order was then issued demand- 
ing its instant production by all people in that city who 
had it. This produced but little, and most probably 
on account of its scarcity. A file of soldiers was 
then ordered to make search for it in every place 
where any was likely to be found. Among other 
places visited in July, was a garret in the house in 
which Benjamin Franklin had previously had his 
printing office. Here was discovered about twenty- 
five hundred copies of a sermon which the Rev. 
Gilbert Tenant had written (printed by Franklin) upon 
Defensive War^ to rouse the colonists during the 
French troubles. They were all taken and used as 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 47 

cases for musket cartridges, and at once sent to the 
army, and most of them were used at the battle of 
Monmouth. The requisites in cartridge paper were, 
of course, thinness, strength, pliability, and inflamma- 
bility, and such paper was necessarily scarce then. — 
Historical Maga%ine^ viii, 151— 2. 

1779. M. Didot, the noted Parisian printer, having 
analyzed the vellum paper of the English, addressed 
a letter to M. Johannot d'Annonay, a French paper 
maker, inviting him to attempt a similar fabrication, 
which was successfully made by him. (See 1781.) 

1779. There were ten paper mills in the neighbor- 
hood of Edinburgh. 

1 78 1. M. Didot, of Paris, having in 1779 en- 
couraged M. Johannot d'Annonay to attempt an imi- 
tation of the English vellum paper, received from that 
manufacturer a quantity of the desired fabric, which 
procured for the latter a gold medal from the king, 
Louis XVI. It is known among the trade as papier 
velin ; that is, like parchment, or without water-marks, 
as they are called. 

1 78 1. The scarcity of paper in New York at this 
time was so great that the journal of the second session 
of the assembly was not printed, the printer being 
unable to procure the necessary paper. 

1781. Stockholm imported 18,579 reams of paper. 
The kingdom of Sweden had no more than twenty- 
four paper mills within its borders at a period about 
twenty years later. 

1782. Hamburg imported 80,000 reams of paper. 



48. Chronology of the Origin and 

The city had but two paper mills of two vats each, 
which consumed about 60,000 pounds of rags in 
making a dark purple paper for sugar bakers. 

1784. The value of the paper manufactured in 
England was reported at £800,000, the excise on 
which was nearly =£46,868. 

1784. It was advertised in Albany that rags were 
wanted at the paper mill in Bennington, Vermont. 

1785. According to Count Ewald von Hartzberg 
there were in the Russian dominions 800 (?) paper 
manufactories, the revenue from which was $200,000 
annually. 

1785. The legislature of Massachusetts passed an 
" Act imposing duties on licensed vellum, parchment, 
and' paper." This was so unpopular that the same 
body found it necessary to repeal it. 

1 785. A gentleman who had directed his researches 
to national industry, stated that there were 400 paper 
mills in Germany, which furnished 20,000 bal%s, of 
ten reams each, per annum. 

1786. The Society of Sciences at Philadelphia, Pa., 
offered a premium for the best remedy to protect paper 
against insects, and another for the best method of 
making paper for St. Domingo which would resist 
insects. Several answers and samples were received, 
all recommending to mix the size with sharp and 
bitter or other ingredients which might kill the insects. 
But they were all rejected. 

1786. The works of the Marquis de Villette were 
printed in London in 24mb, on paper made of marsh 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 49 

mallow ; and at the end are specimens in single leaves 
of paper made of the nettle, hop, moss, reed, three 
species of conferva, couch grass, spindle tree, way- 
faring tree, elm, lime, yellow willow, sallow willow, 
poplar, oak, burdock, coltsfoot, and thistle. These 
experiments were made at the manufactory of M. 
Leorief, at Bruges, and served to show that paper 
could be made of a multitude of articles ; but they 
did not overcome the difficulty which existed, and 
which still exists, of disclosing a substance which 
should be preferable to linen and cotton rags. 

1787. The consumption of French paper-hangings 
in the United States was so great, that the French 
government took off the export duty. 

1787. A patent was granted to one Hooper, of 
London, for a new method of manufacturing printing 
paper, particularly designed for copperplate printing. 

1788. Mr. Greaves, of Warrington, England, made 
paper from the bark and leaves of willow twigs. 

1788. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts 
conferred a silver medal on a French manufacturer, 
for the production of forty-four quires of paper from 
the bark of the sallow tree. About 600 pounds of 
the raw material were used in the production of that 
quantity. 

1789. The manufacture of paper in Angouleme 
gave employment to 600 workmen, who produced an- 
nually about 1,400,000 pounds. The beating was 
done with mallets, which was still in practice to a late 
day. The price of paper was about ten cents a pound. 

5 



50 Chronology of the Origin and 

1789. The paper mill nearest to Albany was at 
Bennington, Vt., which depended for stock upon the 
cast-ofF rags of the children of the wilderness. Paper 
was frequently brought from the mill in Springfield on 
horseback, and coarse and unbleached as it appears 
beside the poorest paper of our day, was of such value 
that it was customary to repair with paste the broken 
quires which always came with hand-made paper, so 
that no sheets were lost. There are several copies of 
the Albany Register preserved in a volume in the Albany 
Institute, which have undergone this process, and are 
so ingeniously done as not to be detected unless held 
up to the light. 

. 1789. Homer^in his Bibliotheca Americana, informs 
us that at this time the people of North America 
manufactured their own paper, and in sufficient quan- 
tities for home consumption j but that the price of 
labor was so high as to discourage publishing beyond 
their own laws, pamphlets, and newspapers. 

1789. Neuerdings versuchte Guttermann im Sera- 
peum der Stadt Ravensburg in Wurtemberg, die Ehre 
der Erfindung des Leinenpapiers zuzuwenden. 

1789. The celebrated munitionnaire Ouvrard, son 
of a paper dealer in France, perceiving that the revolu- 
tion would give birth to a multitude of publications, 
contracted for all the paper which the manufactories 
at Poitou and Angoumois could produce in two years, 
by which he realized a hundred thousand crowns. 

1789. Was sold in London, the completest speci- 
men known to exist of manuscript written upon 
papyrus, dated 572 a.d. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 51 

1790. The paper makers of France labored them- 
selves as the head-workmen of their establishments, 
assisted by their wives and children. This continued 
until the era of the introduction of machinery. 

1790. The government of France, to cure the 
monopoly in paper, fixed by legislative act the price 
of all merchandise. It had the effect to stop all 
the mills. 

1790. About this time the practice of blueing paper 
pulp had its origin. A paper maker's wife, superin- 
tending the washing of some fine linen, accidentally 
dropped her bag of powdered blue into the midst of 
some pulp in a forward state of preparation. The 
paper maker beheld in great astonishment a peculiar 
color in his pulp ; which his wife, perceiving that no 
great damage had been done, took courage to disclose 
the cause of. Being pleased with an advance of four 
shillings a bundle upon his improved paper in the 
London market, he presented to his wife a costly 
cloak. [This fact is somewhat differently stated in 
the London Printer's Register^ x, 71.] 

1790. Samuel Hooper, of London, produced paper 
of various qualities from leather cuttings and refuse 
paper. 

1790. The annual increase of printing presses in 
Germany, and the want of rags and paper stock, in- 
duced the manufacture of many more quires of paper 
from a hundred weight of rags than formerly, which 
rendered the German printing paper very disagreeable. 

1792. A Mr. Campbell of England obtained a 
patent for a mode of bleaching rags for the manufac- 



52 Chronology of the Origin and 

ture of paper. His process was similar to that pursued 
in bleaching cotton thread. — Hansard^ 213. 

1793. The first paper mill in the northern part of 
the state of New York was erected at Troy by 
Messrs. Websters, Ensign & Seymour, in which from 
five to ten reams were manufactured daily. An 
earnest appeal was made by the proprietors to the 
patriotism of the ladies, who were invoked to aid 
domestic manufactures by the preservation of rags. 
They were besought to patronize the saving of all 
kinds of linen and cotton rags, for which would be 
paid at the mill, 3^. for clean white, id. for white, 
blue, brown, and check, and a proportionate price for 
all other rags. — Typographical Miscellany., 97. 

1794. A paper mill was built at Fairhaven, Vt., by 
Matthew Lyon, at which paper for wrapping was 
manufactured from the bark of the bass-wood tree. 

1794. A patent was granted to Mr. Cunningham of 
Edinburgh for an improved method of making paper. 

1795. John Bigg, of England, obtained a patent for 
a simple and effectual process of bleaching rags and 
other substances suitable for the manufacture of paper. 
It consisted in using manganese and sea-salt for the 
bleaching department, and also in the vat. 

1796. A Mr. Bidds undertook the manufacture of 
paper from the saw-dust of sapwood, suitable for the 
purposes of printing [somewhere in England or 
America], 

1798. Louis Robert, of France, a workman in the 
establishment of Francois Didot, at Essone, announced 
that he had discovered a way to make, with one man, 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. ^■^^ 

and without fire, by means of machines, sheets or 
paper of a very large size, even tw^elve feet wide and 
fifty feet long. 

1 798. The first paper mill in western Pennsylvania, 
called the Old Redstone mill, was built near Browns- 
ville,dDn the Monongahela river. 

1799. The largest paper mill in France was at Mon- 
targis, having thirty vats, requiring 1,620,000 pounds 
of rags, and 135,000 pounds of size. Another at 
Vougeot had twelve engines and twenty vats. The 
capacity of a mill in those times was computed by the 
number of vats it contained, handwork usually requir- 
ing a vat to each engine. 

1799. The revenue from the excise duty on paper 
in England amounted to ,£140,000. The importation 
of rags from the continent was 7,307,117 pounds. 
It was estimated that twenty-four million pounds or 
rags were annually manufactured into paper. 

1799. The first attempt to make paper in an endless 
web was successfully made in France by Louis Robert 
at the paper mill of Francois Didot, and a patent was 
procured for the same this year. 

1799. Zenas Crane, of Worcester, Mass., jour- 
neyed a hundred miles, into Berkshire county, pro- 
specting for a site on which to erect a mill of a 
capacity for the employment of five workmen, and 
selected a location on the south branch of the Housa- 
tonic, on premises belonging to Martin Chamberlain, 
in Dalton, where a mill was built ; and which he 
afterwards sold to David Carson. These were the 
pioneers of the great paper interest in that region. 



54 Chronology of the Origin and 

1800. Sometime during this or the previous year 
P. De Labigarre, who resided at Upper Red Hook, 
brought a bag o^ frog-spittle to the paper mill at Cats- 
kill, which was manufactured into a poor kind of 
paper. Several persons became interested in the ex- 
periment, and it was supposed by them to be a great 
discovery. — Hist. Mag.^ in, 90. 

1800. The first paper mill in Columbia county. 
New York, was transformed from a flour mill on the 
upper great fall of Stuyvesant falls, by Elisha Pitkin. 
Its capacity was one vat. 

1800. The marquis of Salisbury presented to the 
king of England a book printed upon paper manu- 
factured of straw, which treated of the manner in 
which the ancients employed different materials to 
perpetuate the remembrance of events before the in- 
vention of paper. 

1800. Was printed by Burton, of London, an his- 
torical account of the substances which have been 
used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the 
earliest date to the invention of paper ; printed on the 
first useful paper manufactured only from straw. 

1800. The duty on paper manufactured in England 
was ^3 1 5,802. 

1800. The government of France awarded Louis 
Robert, the inventor of the paper machine, 8000 
francs, in consideration of the usefulness of his inven- 
tion, and a patent for fifteen years ; but the troubles 
in which France was involved caused delay in the 
necessary experiments, which were both tedious and 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. ^^ 

expensive, and permission was given to carry over the 
small working model to England, with a view of get- 
ting the benefit of British capital and mechanical skill 
to bring it into an operative state on a large scale. 

1800. A successful experiment was carried out in 
Englartd by Matthias Koops, by which 700 reams of 
clean and white paper were turned out weekly from 
such old waste and written and printed paper alone, 
as had previously been thrown away. 

1800. A paper mill at Jaroslow, in Russia, with 
twenty-eight engines and seventy vats, manufactured 
1 100 reams of paper weekly, and consumed 800 tons 
of rags annually j there was another of thirteen en- 
gines and thirteen vats ; they made paper-hangings 
principally for Moscow. 

1800. There were upwards of 200 paper mills in 
Spain, of which thirty-one were at Alcoi, and it was 
said that one Francisco Guarro manufactured paper 
as good as any Dutch. 

1801. M. Seguin, an inventor of some note, ob- 
tained a patent in France for the manufacture of paper 
from straw, hemp, and other vegetables, which he 
alleged produced an excellent quality of paper when 
prepared by his process ; but this was so lengthy and 
expensive that it was not encouraged by paper makers. 

1 80 1. John Gamble, an Enghshman, who had 
accompanied Leger Didot from Paris with Robert's 
invention for making an endless web of paper, obtained 
the first patent in England for that machine. Didot 
had agreed to pay Robert 25,000 francs for the patent 
and model. 



56 Chronology of the Origin and 

1801. There were twenty-six paper mills in Russia, 
and notwithstanding the plenty of rags, the exportation 
of which was prohibited, they imported paper annually 
to the amount of 220,000 rubles. 

1 80 1. The number of paper mills in Germany 
proper was estimated to exceed 500, manufacturing 
two and a half million pounds of paper annually. 
But they made principally coarse paper, the finer 
qualities being imported. 

1 80 1. The paper mill of John Clark of Springfield, 
N. J., was burnt, with a large quantity of paper stock. 

1801. Matthias Koops succeeded in making "the 
most perfect paper from straw, wood, and other vege- 
tables, without the addition of any other known paper 
stuff." He printed a book on these fabrics, from 
which many of the facts here given have been gathered. 
He asserted that paper could be manufactured from 
any vegetable substance. He seems to have been the 
first to discover a mode of extracting printing and 
writing ink from waste paper, and obtained a patent 
for manufacturing paper from straw, hay, thistles, 
waste and refuse of hemp and flax, and different kinds 
of wood and bark, fit for printing and almost all other 
purposes for which paper is used. He claimed to 
have produced the first useful paper that had ever 
been made from straw alone. 

1 80 1. There were 500 paper mills in France, not- 
withstanding the diminution during a great number of 
years caused by the gradual decrease of export, arising 
from the activity with which the neighboring countries 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 57 

pursued the manufacture at home. These mills were 
supposed to consume annually twenty million pounds 
of rags and coarse paper stuff; and that fourteen 
million pounds of rags were annually exported, not- 
withstanding the severe prohibition. 

i8oi*» Robert Bage, an English paper maker, died. 
William Hutton, the celebrated bookseller and author 
at Birmingham, purchased nearly all the paper which 
Bage made during forty-five years. 

1 80 1. Mr. David Buel, postmaster at Troy, New 
Ybrk, published the following homily Under the head, 
*' Please to save your Rags. The press contributes more 
to the diffusion of knowledge and information than 
any other medium ; rags are the primary requisite in 
the manufacture of paper ; and without paper the 
newspapers of our country, those cheap, useful and 
agreeable companions of the citizen and farmer, which 
in a political and moral view are of the highest national 
importance, must decline and be extinguished. The 
paper mills of the state, could the poor and the opulent, 
the farmer and the mechanic, be persuaded into the 
laudable frugality of saving rags, would turn out ample 
supplies of American paper to answer all demands. 
The people of Massachusetts and Connecticut, with 
true American zeal, have introduced this exemplary 
saving into the economy of their houses. The latter, 
by fair calculation, makes yearly a saving of rags to 
the actual amount of $50,000. The ladies in several 
of the large towns, display an elegant work bag, as part 
of the furniture of their parlors, in which every rag 
that is used in the paper mill, is carefully preserved. 



58 Chronology of the Origin and 

Were this example imitated, this state would not be 
drained of its circulating cash, for paper and other 
manufactures, which American artists can furnish. 
The poor, by the mere saving of rags, may be enabled 
to procure paper and books, for schools and family 
use, or more agreeable articles of dress or consumption. 
The rich, who regard the interests of their country, 
will direct their children or domestics to place a bag 
or box in some convenient place, as a deposit for rags, 
that none may be lost, by being swept into the street 
or fire ; the sales of which savings will reward the 
attention of the faithful servant, and encourage the 
prosperous habit of prudence and enterprise." 

1802. A patent was secured in England by W. 
Plees for a mode of coloring paper pulp, which con- 
sisted of mixing with the pulp snufF, bran, hay, or any 
substance possessing the color which was desired to 
be imparted to the paper. 

1802. Several patents were granted at this time in 
England and France, for improvements in the paper 
machine, most of which were of value, and caused 
more progression in the art than the substances offered 
for the production of paper. 

1802. Burgess Allison and John Hawkins obtained 
a patent for making paper of the husks of Indian corn. 
1802. M. Lozanna offered to the Society of Agri- 
culture at Turin, a number of specimens of paper 
made of the papus of the seratula ervensis^ the carduus 
nutans^ and of the bark of the erigerone of Canada. 
1802. The fourteen paper mills at Alsace in France, 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 59 

which manufactured about 40,000 reams annually, 
exported about two-thirds thereof to Switzerland and 
Germany. The manufacturers in Languedoc, Lyons, 
Guienne, Bretagne, and Poitou, wrought also princi- 
pally for exportation. 

1 803. -Mr. Bryan Donkin, after nearly three years 
of intense application, succeeded in producing a self- 
acting machine on the plan of M. Robert of France. 
It was to him that Didot and Gamble, on their arrival 
in England, entrusted the attempt to construct the 
novel automaton. It performed in such a manner as 
to surprise every body, and he became universally 
celebrated as a manufacturer of paper machinery. 

1803. The average yearly import of rags into Great 
Britain was 3,111 tons for this and the two previous 
years. 

1803. In the cantons of Bern and Basil were several 
paper mills, which manufactured paper so much ad- 
mired for its strength and whiteness, that it tended to 
diminish the importation from France. 

1803. The magistrates of a northern town in Eng- 
land had the following notice painted on boards in 
large letters, and fixed up in all places of public resort. 

*' To the Ladies. — Genteel women, who amuse their 
idle hours in working, frequently throw scraps of linen 
and cotton of various kinds into the fire. It is re- 
quested most humbly, that every lady will reserve 
these trifles, and direct their maid servants to sell them, 
because their so doing will prevent ,£60,000 being 
annually exported to foreign countries for the import- 



6o Chronology of the Origin and 

ation of old rags to make paper, and which in conse- 
quence, will become cheaper." 

1804. About this time William Baily began the 
erection of a paper mill on the river Chateaugay, 
above the town of that name, in Franklin county, 
N. Y.; but it was never completed. 

1804. Peignot estimated the quantity of printing 
paper consumed in Paris annually at 228,000 reams. 

1804. The American Company of Booksellers 
offered a gold medal of the value of fifty dollars for 
the greatest quantity of paper, of the best quality fit 
for printing, not less than fifty reams, of other mate- 
rials than linen, cotton or woolen rags ; and a silver 
medal of the value of twenty dollars for the greatest 
quantity of wrapping paper, not less than forty reams, 
manufactured of other materials than those usually 
employed for that purpose. 

1804. There was at this time a paper mill at Bel- 
lows Falls, owned by a Mr. Atkinson of New York 
and a Mr. Casey of Middletown. — Ford's Ms. 'Journal. 

1804. Messrs. Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, 
wealthy stationers and paper manufacturers of Lon- 
don, purchased the patents of Didot and Gamble in 
Robert's paper machine. It was by their improve- 
ments and extensive manufacture that the invention 
came to be called the Fourdrinier machine, by which 
it is still known, on both ?ides of the Atlantic. Their 
first experiments were made at Boxmoor, where they 
erected a machine and pursued their experiments at 
great expense. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 6i 

1804. Mr. Donkin, since so celebrated as a paper 
machine maker, put up his second machine at Two 
Waters, in England, which was completely successful ; 
and the manufacture of continuous paper became one 
of the most useful discoveries of the age. 

1805. ^r. Donkin, the builder of the Fourdrinier 
paper machine, altered the position of the cylinders 
so as to dispense with the use of the upper web, an 
improvement by which the machine was much simpli- 
fied (the paper on the web being slightly pressed be- 
fore passing through the pressing rollers) ; thus an 
all-important advantage was attained. It was now 
capable of doing the work of six vats in twelve hours. ^ 

1805. It was about this time that the rice-paper of 
the Chinese, used for artificial flowers, was introduced 
into England. It was an item of the gossip of the day 
that the princess Charlotte paid seventy guineas for a 
bouquet made of this paper, which is not a manufac- 
tured article, but a vegetable production, cut spirally, 
and afterwards flattened by pressure. It seems to 
have come from the island of Formosa originally. 

1806. The first paper mill in Lee, Mass., was 
erected by Samuel Church, in this year. 

1 806. Francis Guy, of Baltimore, procured a patent 
fpr paper carpets, which he claimed were equal to 
canvas floor cloths, much more beautiful, and above 
fifty per cent cheaper. 



' By the hand process it took three months to complete the paper 
ready for delivery, from the time of receiving the rags into the mill ; 
by the machine the paper may now be delivered the next day. 



62 Chronology of the Origin and 

1806. The patentees of the Fourdrinier machine 
laid a statement before the public containing a com- 
parative estimate of the expense attending seven vats, 
and that attending a machine employed upon paper 
sized in the engine, performing the same quantity of 
work as seven vats, at the rate of twelve hours a day. 
The expense of seven vats per annum was .£2,604 : 
125.; a machine doing seven vats' work was X734 : 
lis. ; balance saved by the machine per annum, 
.£1,870. The expense of making paper by hand at 
this time was i6j. per cwt. ; by machine, y. 6d. 

1806. The manufacturers at Angouleme first pro- 
duced vellum-paper, which had been made in Holland 
since 1740, and at Annonay since 1781. An exhibi- 
tion of manufactures was held at Paris, in this year, 
at which seven Angouleme manufacturers sent their 
products and obtained prizes. 

1807. The paper mill of Nathan Benjamin at Cats- 
kill was burnt, with a stock valued at $9,000. 

1807. Messrs. Fourdrinier stated before parliament 
that they had withdrawn from their stationery business 
the large sum of .£60,000 to further the object of 
their enterprise ; so many difficulties did they en- 
counter, in bringing the machinery to its then com- 
paratively complete state, and so little encouragement 
or support did they receive from the paper manufac- 
turers throughout the kingdom. The prices of their 
machines were from £715 to £1040. 

1807. Gen. Walter Martin, proprietor of the town- 
ship of Martinsburg, Lewis county, N. Y., erected a 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 6^ 

paper mill, which was run by John Clark & Co. 
They gave notice that rags would be received at the 
principal stores in Upper Canada and the Black river 
country, which (like many of the advertisements of 
the early paper makers, both in England and America), 
was accompanied by a poetic address to the ladies, 
one stanza of which ran thus : 

" Sweet ladies, pray be not ofFended, 

Nor mind the jest of sneering wags ; 
No harm, believe us, is intended. 

When humbly we request your rags." 

1807. The paper makers on the North Esk, in 
Scotland, made 681,000 pounds of paper during this 
year. See 1863. 

1808. The Sultan Selim III was assassinated, and 
the printing office and paper manufactory which he 
had established a few years before, at Scutari, the 
Asiatic suburb of Constantinople, were destroyed. 

1808. John Gamble, who had superintended the 
construction and improved the paper machine in Eng- 
land, after losing both his time and money-savings 
during eight years of irksome diligence, assigned over 
to Messrs. Fourdrinier, the whole right of his share 
in the patent to which he was entitled under the act 
of parliament, for improvements. 

1808. Van Veghten & Son, who printed the West- 
ern Budget at Schenectady, issued their paper several 
weeks on a half sheet, alleging that they had posted 
to all the mills within thirty miles, without being able 

procure a full supply, but only the promise of a 



64 Chronology of the Origin and 

sufficient quantity within two or three weeks. . They 
took occasion to request the ladies to pack up all their 
rags, and send them to the office, where they would 
be paid three cents a pound ready cash. 

1808. S. & A. Hawley & Co. erected a mill at 
Moreau, near Fort Edward, New York, and their 
appeal to the ladies for their rags was larded with 
these forcible and unique blandishments : 

" Save your rags ! This exclamation is particularly 
addressed to the ladies, both young, old, and middle- 
aged, throughout the northern part of this state, by 
the subscribers, who have erected a paper mill in the 
town of Moreau, near Fort Edward — nor is it thought 
that this appeal to our fair countrywomen will prove 
unavailing when they reflect that without their assist- 
ance they cannot be supplied with the useful article 
of paper. If the necessary stock is denied paper mills, 
young maids must languish in vain for tender epistles 
from their respective swains ; bachelors may be re- 
duced to the necessity of a personal attendance upon 
the fair, when a written communication would be an 
excellent substitute. For clean cotton and linen rags 
of every color and description, matrons can be furnished 
with bibles, spectacles and snufF; mothers with gram- 
mars, spelling books and primers for their children ; 
and young misses may be supplied with bonnets, rib- 
bons and ear-rings, for the decoration of their persons 
(by means of which they may obtain husbands), or 
by sending them to the said mill they may receive 
the cash." 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, d^ 

•1808. The European Magazine for November de- 
sired porters and others who had in charge the sweep- 
ing of shops and public offices, not to burn nor destroy 
any coverings of letters, nor any other waste paper, 
printed or written, let the pieces be ever so small, as 
they could be remanufactured ; and the saving of them 
would not only increase the quantity of paper, but be 
a handsome perquisite to themselves. 

1808. It was stated that Rees's Encyclopedia 
printed in Philadelphia at this time, consumed 30,000 
reams of paper. Considering the capacity of the 
mills at this time it is not easy to imagine how that 
quantity of paper was procurable. 

1808. A paper mill was built at Watertown, N. Y., 
by Gurdon Caswell, from Oneida county ; the first 
paper mill in the place. It was afterwards (18 16) sold 
to Holbrook & Fessenden, of Brattleborough, Vt. — 
Hough's "Jefferson Co., 282. 

1809. Mr. Dickinson, an English paper maker of 
note, invented another method of making endless 
paper, which competed with the Fourdrinier machine. 
Instead of the traveling wire-cloth, he conceived the 
plan of a polished, hollow, brass cylinder, perforated 
with holes, and covered with wire-cloth, which re- 
volved over and in contact with the prepared pulp, 
sucking up the water by rarefaction, and leaving the 
filaments sufficiently strong to be carried by the usual 
process to completion. 

1809. A paper mill was erected near the Schoharie 

bridge. New York, on the Great Western turnpike, by 
6 



66 Chronology of the Origin and 

Wood & Reddington, and was ready for operation in 
February. 

1810. M. Didot having failed to fulfill his obliga- 
tions to Louis Robert, in the purchase of the paper 
machine, the latter instituted a suit at law, and re- 
covered his patent. 

1 8 10. The paper mills in Massachusetts were con- 
structed for two vats each, and could make, of the 
various descriptions of paper, from two to three thou- 
sand reams per annum. Such a mill required a capital 
of $10,000, and employed twelve or more persons, 
consisting of men, boys and girls. Collecting rags 
and making paper gave an employment to not less 
than 2500 persons at this time. The quantity gathered 
of rags, old sails, ropes, junk, and other substances 
of which the various kinds of paper were made, was 
computed to amount to not less than 3500 tons yearly. 

18 10. Thomas estimated the number of paper mills 
in the United States at 185 ; of which seven were in 
New Hampshire, thirty-eight in Massachusetts, four 
in Rhode Island, seventeen in Connecticut, nine in 
Vermont, twelve in New York, four in Delaware, 
three in Maryland, four in Virginia, one in South 
Carolina, six in Kentucky, four in Tennessee, sixty 
in Pennsylvania ; that they manufactured 50,000 reams 
of paper, averaging I3 a ream, and weighing about 
500 tons ; and 70,000 reams of cheap book paper, at 
^S'SOj weighing 630 tons ; 111,000 reams of writing 
paper at $3, about 650 tons ; and 100,000 reams of 
Wrapping at 83 cents ; besides paper hangings and 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 67 

a number of other articles sufficient for home con- 
sumption. 

18 10. The Chevalier Landolina died in Sicily, an 
antiquarian who maintained that the ancients used the 
pith of the papyrus for the purpose of making paper j 
and supported his opinion by ingenious experiments 
made with a plant growing near Syracuse in that 
country, and which corresponds to the description 
given by the ancients of the papyrus. 

1 8 10. The census returned 28 paper mills in the 
state of New York, which manufactured 77,756 reams 
of paper, the average value of which was $3 a ream. 

1 8 10. The second paper mill in Columbia county, 
N. Y., was erected at Stockport, on Kinderhook creek, 
by George Chittenden, whose sons continued its ope- 
ration until the death of George junior, 1873. 

1810. The United States began to import rags 
largely from Europe. Previous to this the materials 
for paper making were procured in the country. 

181 1. Edward Smith of London theorized on the 
production of paper from nettles and the threads of 
worn-out sacks ; originating many valuable sugges- 
tions relative to the manufacture. 

181 1. Zenas Crane, who built the first paper mill 
in Dalton, Mass., long known as the Berkshire mill, 
sold to David Carson, and erected a new mill, at a 
lower fall on the same stream. These pioneers in a 
sequestered region, gave impetus to a manufacturing 
enterprise employing five hundred men in 1870. 
David Carson served his apprenticeship with Solomon 
Curtis at Newton, Mass. (see 1858). 



68 Chronology of the Origin and 

1812. Gabriel Desetable, of Caen, in France, pre- 
sented specimens of paper made from straw by means 
of an instrument said to be so simple that any person 
who pleased could make paper equal to the most prac- 
tical workman. 

18 1 2. The number of paper mills in the United 
States was computed to be 190. 

18 13. Dr. Colquohoun estimated the value of paper 
annually produced in Great Britain at ,£2,000,000 ; 
but Mr. Stevenson, an incomparably better authority 
upon such subjects, estimated it at about half that sum. 

18 1 3. It was announced that a discovery had been 
made of a method of preparing paper, on which, by 
writing with water only, the impression would be as 
legible and durable as with ink. It soon proved to be 
unworthy of notice. 

1813. A machine was patented in England for 
cutting waste paper, &c., into shreds, preparatory to 
remanufacture. 

18 13. The Fourdrinier machine was now so much 
simplified, that instead of five men formerly employed 
upon one machine, three were fully sufficient without 
requiring that degree of attention and skill which were 
formerly indispensable. 

18 14. Bertholet introduced a new mode of bleach- 
ing into the paper mills of France, and important 
progress was made. 

18 14. Alexander of Russia visited England, and 
engaged paper makers to go to Russia with machinery, 
where they built the great Peterhoff manufactory. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 6g 

1 8 14. It was estimated that there were 187 paper 
mills in the United States, which manufactured annu- 
ally 340,000 reams of paper, valued at $820,000. 

1815. The manufacturers of France began to de- 
vote their exertions to specialties ; Annonay, Angou- 
leme, I'Auvergne, les Vosges, and le Limosin, had 
each its peculiar style of product. This precluded 
much competition between different centres of pro- 
duction, and enabled each to arrive at greater perfec- 
tion in its specialty. 

1 8 15. The first paper machine was constructed in 
France. Although the idea of producing an endless 
web of paper was first attempted to be carried out in 
that country sixteen years before (see 1799), strange 
enough, this was the Fourdrinier machine, invented by 
Louis Robert, which had been improved in England j 
but it was very imperfect when compared with an Eng- 
lish machine imported about this time into France. 

1 8 16. It was a day's work, at this time, for three 
men to manufacture four thousand small sheets of 
paper by the hand process. 

1 8 16. The first paper mill established in the British 
American provinces, was built at Lackville, now Bed- 
ford, Nova Scotia, about eight miles from Halifax, on 
Nine-mile river. It belonged to Thomas Holland, 
who carried on a newspaper at Halifax. It was a 
one-vat mill, producing a brown paper. 

18 1 6. A paper mill went into operation at Pitts- 
burg, Pa., with a steam engine of sixteen-horse power, 
on the principle of Oliver Evans, which employed 



70 Chronology of the Origin and 

forty persons, consuming 10,000 bushels of coal and 
120,000 pounds of rags per annum ; and manufac- 
tured $20,000 worth of paper annually. 

1816. Of a quantity of Bibles printed by the British 
and Foreign Bible Society, one was found two years 
later crumbling to dust, although it had not been used, 
owing to the process used in bleaching the paper at 
the mill. 

18 1 7. Thomas Amies,a rioted paper maker of Phila- 
delphia, produced a quantity of paper for the purpose 
of printing the Declaration of Independence^ which was 
designed to surpass everything that had been attempted 
in that way in America. The mould and fel:s were 
got up expressly for the purpose, the size of the sheet 
was 26X36 inches, and nothing was used but the finest 
linen rags. Each ream weighed 140 pounds, and the 
price was $125. 

1817. Thomas Gilpin & Co., paper manufacturers 
at Wilmington, Delaware, put in operation a machine 
for making paper, at their mill on the Brandywine, 
which appears by the notices of it to have been a 
cylinder machine, and an American invention. The 
first paper printed on the product of this machine, was 
Paulson" s Daily Advertiser. It was stated that it would 
do the work of ten paper vats, and delivered a sheet 
of greater width than any other made in America, and 
of any length required. — Eminent Philadelphians, 411. 

18 1 7. Mr. Heath, an English pasteboard manufac- 
turer, first introduced high glazing, now universally 
adopted ; but for many years his process was unknown. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, 7 1 

1817. E. B. Ball, an English paper maker, obtained 
a patent for making paper by the combination of new 
floss silk, flax, hemp, and Russia linen. These sub- 
stances, under the usual process, were said to produce 
a white and durable paper. 

181^ Roger Didot, formerly a paper maker in 
France, but at this time carrying on the business in 
England, obtained a patent for certain improvements 
upon the machine already in use for making wove and 
laid paper in continuous lengths or separate sheets. 

18 18. The Prince of Wales Island Gazette was 
printed on paper which was said to have been made 
from rice, by which was probably meant rice straw. 

18 18. The value of rags gathered in the United 
States was estimated at $900,000 per annum. 

18 1 8. A bill was brought before congress to in- 
crease the duties on certain articles manufactured in 
America ; among which were, paper for copperplate 
printing, or writing, ii\ cts. a pound, and on all other 
papers 10 cts. a pound. 

18 1 8. The first paper machine at Berlin in Prussia. 

i8ig. The London Society for the Encouragement 
of Arts and Manufactures, awarded 30 guineas to 
Mr. Finsley, for the invention of ivory paper, which 
was said to possess a surface having many of the pro- 
perties of ivory, and at the same time the advantage 
of a much greater surface than ivory can possibly 
furnish. 

1819. The paper mill of Simonds, Case & Co., in 
Farmington, near Canandaigua, N. Y., took fire from 



72 Chronology of the Origin and 

a kettle of coals placed in the drying room to force 
the process of drying a lot of paper which had begun 
to mildew. Loss $5,000. 

1820. Notwithstanding the great benefits derived 
by the perfection of the Fourdrinier paper machine 
and the immense quantity of paper produced by these 
machines, the old and tedious process of drying in 
lofts was still practiced. 

1820. M. Huygeron, of France, secured a patent 
for making paper from pure straw. The invention 
related to a process of fabrication ; however, a white 
and durable paper was the result of his improvements. 

1820. About this time machinery for the manufac- 
ture of paper began to be introduced into the United 
States from England and France ; but, being found 
expensive, was not much encouraged. It is believed 
to have been first used by Gilpin on the Brandywine. 

1820. Solomon Stimpson, of Putney, Vt., adver- 
tised that he had discovered the art of making green 
paper for writing and printing, the utility of which 
was " to strengthen and preserve the eye." 

1820. A patent was granted for five years by the 
government of Denmark, to the inventor of a mode 
of making paper from seaweed. It was claimed to 
be whiter and stronger than the paper in common use, 
and cheaper. 

1820. The paper manufacturers of Baltimore peti- 
tioned congress for a tariff of 25 per cent on foreign 
paper. Congress was at this time using English paper, 
although the Gilpins on the Brandywine, with a capital 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 73 

of half a million, were manufacturing paper which 
was claimed to be equally as good as the English, 
which they desired to furnish 25 per cent less.^ 

1820. The paper manufactures of the United States 
were estimated at an annual average of three millions 
of dollars ; and the cost of materials and labor at two 
millions; employed 5000 persons, of which 1700 
were males over 16 years of age, and the rest women 
and children. 

1 820. The paper makers of Pennsylvania and Dela- 
ware, petitioning congress for a tariff on paper, say 
that in their district there were 70 paper mills with 95 
vats in operation until the importations after the war, 
since which they had been reduced to 17 vats. When 
paper was taxed, the amount paid by a vat was from 
$200 to $250. That these establishments cost about 
$500,000, and had employed 950 persons, consuming 
2600 tons of rags, and producing paper to the amount 
of $800,000 annually. 

1 82 1. Fontenelle in France, manufactured paper 
from liquorice wood, by boiling — that is, by chemical 
process. [Query, if same as M. Janbeaurt.] 

1 82 1. M. Janbeaurt, an inventor, of Marseilles, 
obtained a patent in France for the production of 
paper from beaten hemp and liquorice wood, which 
were reduced to a pulp and prepared for paper in the 
usual manner. 



' It is said in Alleri's Biog. Dictionary that Simeon and Asa Butler, 
of Suffield, Ct., manufactured the first letter paper used in the senate 
of the United States, the product of this country. 

7 



74 Chronology of the Origin and 

1 82 1. A very useful improvement was added to the 
paper machine by T. B. Crompton, of England, who 
obtained a patent for drying and finishing paper by 
means of a cloth against heated cylinders, and the 
application of a pair of shears to cut the paper ofF 
into suitable lengths, as it issued from the machine or 
rollers. The paper was much better finished and cut 
than had been found possible until this improvement. 

1 82 1. A paper mill containing two vats, was de- 
stroyed by fire at Esperance, Schoharie county, N. Y., 
owned by Henry W. Starin. 

1821. England produced 48,204,927 pounds of 
paper. 

1822. A flood of unprecedented violence in the 
Brandywine carried away the extensive paper mill of 
the Messrs. Gilpin, although the building in which 
their costly machinery was placed, had been erected, 
it was thought, beyond all possibility of danger from 
such a cause, and had been guarded by every precau- 
tion which anxiety and mechanical skill could suggest. 
The flood rose to the top of the building. For two 
days the whirling torrent swept along with fearful 
turbulence, and when the water at length subsided, 
the edifice itself was a mass of ruins. Buried beneath 
these, the fragments of machinery, broken into shape- 
less parts, could hardly be recognized, and the costly 
portions, framed with necessary delicacy and minute- 
ness, had totally disappeared. The labor of years and 
the expenditure of thousands of dollars had vanished 
in a moment. Advanced in years, Mr. Gilpin looked 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 75 

upon the wreck of his exertions and the injury to his 
fortune, with a certainty that he could not hope to 
replace what he had so suddenly lost. — Eminent Phila- 
delphians^ p. 41 1. 

1822. The Philadelphia publishers consumed 
30,000 *eams of paper in printing Rees's Cydopedia» 
It was the largest work in the English language. 

1822. The paper makers united with the printers 
and booksellers in memorializing congress not to re- 
duce the duty on imported books, stating that the 
cash value of books manufactured in this country was 
considerably more than a million of dollars annually 
(every article used in which was manufactured here)^ 
and a very important item, rags, of no value whatever, 
except for this purpose. 

1822. John Ames of Springfield, Mass., produced 
a cylinder machine, which it was thought would have 
great success. 

1822. An extensive paper mill on Bronx river. New 
York, owned by David Lydig, was destroyed by fire, 
with all the machinery and a large quantity of paper 
stock. It was insured for $32,000. 

1 823. A roll of papyrus measuring eleven inches in 
length and five in circumference was discovered in the 
island of Elephanta, in the East Indies. It contained 
a portion of the Illiad written in large capitals, such as 
were in use during the time of the Ptolemies and 
under the earlier Roman emperors. 

1823. ^* ^^^ complained by the newspapers that 
congress was using paper with a French water mark, 
" Napoleon empereur et rot, 18 13." 



76 Chronology of the Origin and 

1823. There were 192 paper merchants in France. 

1823. France possessed only one manufactory of the 
papier continue^ that of M. Canson, at Annonay, who 
had one of the Fourdrinier machines, made in England. 

1823. -^ manufactory of straw paper was established 
at Okainon, near Warsaw, by Asile Henrick, who 
proposed to make paper suitable for roofing, which 
should be fire and water proof. The finer qualities 
were expected to diminish the cost of paper. — Revue 
Bib. du Pays Bas, ii, 224. 

1823. The paper makers of England were in the 
practice of using sulphate of lime and gypsum in the 
manufacture of paper to give it weight, to the extent 
of 12 per cent. This is the first complaint of the 
kind heard of. — Hansard^ 232. 

1823. It has been claimed that the first paper mill* 
in Pittsburg, Penn., was built this year, but the fact 
has been questioned. 

1823. A paper mill was erected in England for the 
purpose of manufacturing paper from old sacks, ropes, 
&c. The paper produced was used only for wrap- 
ping purposes. 

1824. M. Laferet, of France, obtained a patent for 
making paper of beaten hemp, macerated in water. 
The Japanese macerate the same substance in lime- 
water. 

1824. J. McGuaran patented in England a mode 
of producing paper from hop-vines, which was of a 
dusky-brown color, and employed for wrapping. The 
vines were immersed in water, by which the rind was 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 77 

separated from the woody portion, when it was cut in 
small pieces and sent to the engine. 

1824. A. Nesbit procured a patent in England for 
a mode of producing paper from moss, which afforded 
a pulp suitable for the manufacture of coarse paper. 

1 824. A beautiful paper was produced by the Japan- 
ese at this time from the mulberry tree, which was 
also t)f an excellent quality. It was prepared for 
manufacture in the usual manner. 

1824. Louis Lambert, a Frenchman, took out a 
patent in England for certain improvements in the 
material and manufacture of paper. They consisted 
in reducing straw to pulp and extracting the coloring 
and other deleterious matter, so that it could be intro- 
duced into the ordinary rag engine, and employed in 
making paper. 

1824. The Sieur Brepols, manufacturer of colored 
paper at Turnhout, in Belgium, produced in great 
perfection a style of paper which was termed veau 
vacine at from 80 to lOO francs per ream of grand 
raisin size. — Rev. Bib. du Pays Bas^ iii, 128. 

1825. A paper mill was erected at South Hadley 
falls on the Connecticut river, in Mass., which fur- 
nished newspaper of an inferior quality, for a paper at 
Greenfield, the other two papers there still using hand- 
made paper. 

1825. William Van Houten, a Hollander, had a 
patent taken out in England, for a mode of manufac- 
turing moss into paper and felt. He had patented 
the sapie in France a year earlier. 



7 8 Chronology of the Origin and 

1825. One of the paper mills belonging to Messrs. 
T. & J. Gilpin, on the Brandywine, was destroyed 
by fire. 

1825. Messrs. D. & J. Ames, Springfield, Mass., 
were said to have the most extensive paper manufac- 
tory in the United States ; employing 12 engines, and 
more than 100 females, besides the requisite number 
of males. Their business was successful for a few 
years. They furnished paper for the temperance pub- 
lications of E. C. Delavan ; also for the first edition 
of Webster's quarto Dictionary, when their losses and 
misfortunes began. — Paper Trade 'Journal, May I, 

1874. 

1825. Specimens of brown wrapping and bleached 
and unbleached writing papers were exhibited in 
Boston, which were manufactured in England from 
pine shavings. The fabric was said to be firmer than 
that of any paper manufactured from the ordinary 
materials. 

1826. A letter from Paris states that "There is 
much talk here about a new sort of paper, made of 
hemp stock, which is to be so cheap that a handsome 
octavo volume of 420 pages, manufactured of it, may 
be sold for about \s. Q.\d. sterling. 

1826. About this time a Mr. Sharp took out a 
patent in England for a mode of manufacturing paper 
of pine shavings. He had a mill at Hampshire. 

1826. M. Canson, of France, applied to the Four- 
drinier machine the principle of Mr. Dickinson, of 
England, of rarefying the air below the surface of 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 79 

the web (see 1809), by means of suction pumps ; an 
improvement which he kept secret for six years. 

1826. Cappucius Brothers, paper makers of Turin, 
Italy, found the poplar and other kinds of wood well 
adapted for pulp, and on the report of the Academy 
of Sciences, of the excellent quahty of the writing, 
printing and wrapping paper made of those woods, 
the kittg granted the makers an exclusive privilege for 
ten years for the manufacture of paper from ligneous 
materials. 

1826. M. Firmin Didot introduced into his mill at 
Mesnil, the drying process invented by Mr. Crompton, 
of England, which was the first employment of it in 
France. 

1826. The first machine for making paper that was 
put up in Denmark, was built this year by Messrs. 
Donk'in, of England. The first paper-mill in that 
country had been established at Fredericksburg by 
order of Christian III. 

1826. There were 80 printing offices in the city of 
Paris besides the government establishment, which 
consumed 280,800 reams of paper annually. 

1827. Messrs. Canson Brothers, paper-makers of 
Annonay, in France, obtained a patent for a method 
of sizing paper. With respect to sizing machine- 
made paper, it is well known that sizing in the vat 
offers many advantages ; but as a gelatine can not be 
employed without injury to the felt during the process 
of manufacturing paper, substitutes for gelatine were 
desirable. The base used by M. Canson was wax. 



8o Chronology of the Origin and 

M. Delcambre in the same year made another, the 
base of which was rosin. 

1827. A three story brick building, occupied as a 
store house for paper and rags at the South Hadley 
canal, on the Connecticut river, in Massachusetts, was 
accidentally burnt, 24th July, with most of its con- 
tents j damage upwards of $6,000. 

1827. Mr. Obry conceived a plan of using alum and 
rosin previously dissolved in soda, and combining it 
with potato starch, for the purpose of sizing paper in 
the vat, which is the method now generally followed 
in France for writing and printing papers. 

1827. MM. Firmin Didot Brothers and Lefevre 
established the first paper machine, under a patent of 
importation, in Sicily. 

1827. White & Gale, of Vermont, obtained a 
patent for a mode of finishing paper. 

1827. Louis Pierre Poisson, of Paris, obtained a 
patent in France, for a process of making paper of 
liquorice root and paste-board scraps ; which were 
mixed together, macerated, and converted into paper 
in the usual manner. 

1827. Pierre Balilliat, of Macon, in France, ob- 
tained a patent for a chemical substance to substitute 
for linen rags in the manufacture of paper. 

1827. A patent was granted to the Count de la 
Garde, in England, for a method of making paper 
of various descriptions, from the bullen or ligneous 
parts obtained from certain textile plants, which were 
prepared by a rural mechanical brake ; which sub- 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 8 1 

stances were to be used alone in making paper, or 
mixed with other suitable articles, such as refuse paper 
and rags. 

1827. Benjamin Devaux, of Paris, obtained a patent 
for a mode of making paper and pasteboard of hemp. 

1827. The paper-mill of E. Peck & Co., of 
Rochester, N. Y., was destroyed by fire, with a quan- 
tity of paper and rags, Dec. 2 1 : loss about f 6,000, half 
insured. 

1827. William Van Houten made experiments with 
moss, and succeeded in producing paper from it. He 
had taken out patents in England and France two 
years before. (See 1825.) 

1827. There were but four paper machines in 
France, although one had been introduced there in 
i8i5,"and they had now been used in England about 
twenty-five years. 

1827. William Magaw, of Meadville, Pa., obtained 
a patent for a mode of preparing hay, straw, or other 
vegetable substances, in the manufacture of paper ; 
which was represented as being of a yellow color, 
but even and strong, and receiving the ink as well as 
common writing paper. 

1828. Paper was made at Chambersburg, Pa., from 
straw and blue grass, according to a patent obtained 
by William Magaw. The paper was said to be firm 
and strong, and that machinery was being constructed 
sufficient to make 300 reams a day. 

1828. It was estimated that the newspapers printed 
in New York consumed i5,oooreamsof paper a year, 



82 Chronology of the Origin and 

worth from four to five dollars a ream. And that 
the newspapers in the whole United States required 
104,400 reams, the cost of which was $500,000. 

1828. James Palmer, an English paper manufac- 
turer, obtained a patent for the invention of certain 
improvements in the moulds, or other apparatus for 
making paper. 

1828. George Dickinson, an English paper manu- 
facturer, <>btained a patent for improvements in paper- 
making machinery, which came into extensive use. 
The lateral shaking motion of the wire-web in the 
Fourdrinier rnachine, as originally made, was injurious 
to the fabric of the paper, by bringing its fibres more 
closely together breadthwise than lengthwise, thus 
tending to produce long ribs or thick streaks in its 
substance. This he proposed to obviate by giving a 
rapid up and down movement to the traveling web of 
pulp. A similar contrivance was introduced by Mr. 
Donkin, in which the vibrations were actuated in a 
much more mechanical way. 

1828. Elisha Hayden Collier, of Plymouth county, 
Mass., obtained a patent for the invention of a mode 
of manufacturing paper from a marine production, 
called ulva marina. 

1828. Moses Y,. Beach, of Springfield, Mass., 
afterwards publisher of The Sun newspaper in New 
York, invented a machine for cutting rags in the man- 
ufacture of paper, for which he obtained a patent. 

1828. Victor Odent, of Courtalin, in France, ob- 
tained a patent for a machine to manufacture paper 
with economy and ease. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 83 

1828. Prof. Cowper, of England, obtained a patent 
for a paper cutting machine. As other machines 
were introduced, his ingenious arrangement ceased to 
be used except as a model for others to improve upon. 

1828. Richard Waterman and George W. Annis, 
of Providence, R. I., obtained a patent for a mode of 
making double paper. It consisted in bringing a sheet 
previously formed in contact with the stuff on the felt, 
and passing both between the press rollers. They 
claimed that any number of thicknesses might be 
treated in that way successfully. 

1828. T. B. Crompton and Enoch Miller obtained 
a patent for cutting the endless web of paper length- 
wise, by revolving circular blades, fixed upon a roller 
parallel to a cylinder, round which the paper was 
lapped, and progressively unwound. 

1828. This 2ist November, says Cobbett, I have 
not only received a parcel of paper made of the husks 
of my corn, but have sent it to have printed on it the 
title page of this very book. He alludes to his 
Treatise on Corn^ an unique work on this account. 

1828. April 16. The paper mill of Goss & Reed, 
at Montpelier, Vt., took fire while the workmen were 
at breakfast, and was damaged to the extent of about 
$3,000 ; partly insured. 

1828. A paper mill was erected at Camden, Maine, 
by Ebenezer Barrett and John Swann, at a cost of 
$5,000. They manufactured $40 worth of paper a 
day. It was burnt in 1841. 

1828. Cyprian Prosper Brard, of Frejus, in France, 



84 " Chronology of the Origin and 

obtained a patent for a mode of making paper from 
decayed wood, which was converted into pulp, and 
mixed with old waste paper. 

1828. Mason Hunting, of Watertown, Mass., ob- 
tained a patent for an improved top-press roller, by 
means of which paper of any thickness might be made 
by a single and simple operation. 

1828. A mode of sizing, glazing and beautifying 
paper was patented in England, which consisted of 
the use of a fluid compound of alkalies dissolved in 
water with beeswax and alum. 

1828. A patent was taken out in France by Berna- 
dotte and others, for a mode of making paper of animal 
substances, called aporentype. 

1828. Marsden Haddock, of New York, obtained 
a patent for a machine to manufacture paper in the 
sheet by the dipping process. It seems to have been 
a mode of dipping faster than by the old hand process. 

1829. William Debit, of East Hartford, Ct., ob- 
tained a patent for a machine for cleansing rags and 
preparing them for use in the manufacture of paper. 

1829. Feb. A paper mill at Milton, Vt., owned 
by Ayres, and occupied by Wellington & Hunting, 
was totally consumed by fire at night. The loss was 
computed at $5,000, on which there was an insurance 
of $2,800. 

1829. John Dickinson, an English paper manufac- 
turer, obtained a patent for a new improvement in the 
method of manufacturing paper by machinery, and also 
a new method of cutting paper and other materials into 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. % 5 

single sheets or pieces by means of machinery. He 
also announced an improvement in the manufacture 
of paper, which consisted of introducing cotton, flaxen, 
or silken thread, web, or lace, into the paper, in such 
a way as to form the inner part. 

1829. John W. Cooper, of Washington township, 
obtained a patent for an improvement in the art of 
making white paper from rags of cotton, linen or silk, 
be their colors ever so various, and of extracting from 
all kinds of rags all kinds of mineral colors, &c., &c. 

1829- Rondeaux & Henn patented in France a pro- 
cess of making paper from leather cuttings, mixed 
with refuse paper. (See 1790.) 

1829. Messrs. Sprague, paper-makers at Fredonia, 
New York, obtained a patent for a mode of making 
paper from husks of Indian corn. Their process was, 
to 128 gallons of water, put 10 quarts of good lime, or 
6 pounds of good alkalies, and no pounds of clean 
corn husks or flag leaves ; heat over a moderate fire 
two hours, when they will be ready for the engine. 

1829. Louis Bomeisler, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
patent for making from straw, white and handsome 
writing paper. From 120 pounds of straw, after the 
knobs were cut off, he claimed that he could produce 
100 pounds of pulp, which would make fine, white and 
handsome writing paper, not before known or used. 

1829. Isaac Saunderson, of Milton, Mass., obtained 
a patent for improvements in the cylinder machine, 
which obviated the defect of cylinder-made paper, the 
inequality of its strength when tried lengthwise and 



86 Chronology of the Origin and 

across, in consequence of the greater number of fibres 
running in one direction than the other, and a conse- 
quent want of that perfect interlocking which takes 
place upon mould-made paper. To effect this im- 
provement he introduced a horizontal whirl-wheel, 
and sheet-forming rollers, by which he was enabled to 
manufacture press papers, pasteboard, and bandbox 
paper. 

1829. Reuben Fairchild, of Trumbull, Ct., ob- 
tained a patent for an improvement in the mode of 
manufacturing paper, the object of which was to obvi- 
ate the defect in the paper made upon cylinder machines, 
in its being easily torn in one direction, in consequence 
of the fibres being mostly arranged longitudinally 
with the length of the sheet. The improvement 
was eff^ected by what was called an agitator, a semi- 
cylindrical cradle of metal lying in the vat, and 
vibrating in the direction of the length of the cylinder. 
Culver & Cole, of Massachusetts, applied at the same 
time for a patent for a machine identical in principle 
with the above, but afterwards arranged a mutual 
ownership. 

1829. ^^^ excise duty on paper in England 
amounted to ^728,000. 

1829. M. Julien obtained a patent in France for a 
mode of manufacturing paper from hay ; also for a 
process of coloring paper. 

1829. Paper was obtained from the maguey in 
Mexico, equal to that made of rags ; and congress 
passed a law prohibiting the government from using 
any other paper. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 87 

1829. Quirini obtained a patent in France for the 
production of paper from straw and refuse pasteboard. 

1829. The paper-makers of Turin, during this and 
the previous year, produced various qualities of paper 
from willowtwigs, poplar, &c., which were extensively 
used. SchafFers had made the same experiment more 
than sixty years earlier. (See 1765, 1772.) 

1829. The French paper makers sought for the 
Fourdrinier paper machine in England alone, and a 
French author makes the following painful acknow- 
ledgment for his countrymen : " La construction de 
ces machines, qui n'oiFre pourtant rien de difficile, est 
restee jusq'a ce jour exclusivement dans les mains des 
Anglaise." 

1829. It is stated that a French paper machine was 
introduced into Windham, Conn., which is now used 
in the best mills in that state. 

1829. Thomas Cobb, of England, obtained a patent 
for a mode of manufacturing tinted paper and emboss- 
ing during the process of making, by pressing the 
pulp between rollers or plates, engraved with suitable 
devices. He claimed to have invented a mode of 
producing an embossed surface, giving a beautiful 
effect to papers colored in the pulp, and not stained 
after the paper is made, as usual with paper hangings ; 
and by which also silks, velvets, or other colored goods 
could be put upon the surface of paper, and when 
embossed produced a rich and beautiful appearance. 

1829. There were about 60 paper mills in Massa- 
chusetts, six of which had machines. They were all 



88 Chronology of the Origin and 

supposed to consume about 1,700 tons of rags, &c., 
and produced about $700,000 worth of paper in a year. 

1829. ^' Montgolfier introduced a new fabric called 
papier linge^ for table cloths and hangings, which was 
said to be as soft to the touch as the finest Silesian 
linen, but sold at Lyons for the price of mere paper. 
They were made in imitation of silk, or stamped with 
the most graceful arabesques^ and sold at four and five 
sous the French yard. 

1829. G. A. Shryock, of Philadelphia, claimed to 
have been the first in this or any other country, to 
manufacture by machinery, paper and boards from 
various kinds of straw and grass, which he did in this 
year upon a cylinder machine. 

1829. Straw paper was used for packing Niks' s 
Weekly Register^ which circulated to the remotest parts 
of the country, and was regarded as the best paper 
then made for that purpose, and was cheap. It was 
manufactured at Chambersburg, Pa., at less than $2 
a ream, imperial size, and was machine-made. 

1829. ^^ was estimated that the quantity of paper 
manufactured in the United States amounted to nearly 
seven millions of dollars, and employed more than ten 
thousand persons. The quantity of rags and paper- 
stock saved annually was computed to be two millions 
of dollars in value. 

1830. A French writer states that at this time the 
English introduced a mode of sizing their paper, which 
gave it a great advantage over the French ; that the 
house of Lacroix, however, soon acquired the process. 



Progress of Paper and Pape r Making. 89 

which was in vogue as long as the manufacture by 
hand was continued. It was about this time that the 
struggle began in competition with machinery, and the 
victory of the latter was not decided until some years, 
to such perfection had the hand process attained. The 
French seem to have introduced sizing before this 
time. (See 1827.) 

183©. M. Brand, a French officer, made successful 
experiments in producing coarse paper from the pine 
tree, an account of which was published in the Courier 
Francaise of Nov. 27, 1830, issued in New York city. 

1830. At Whitehall mill, in Derbyshire, England, 
a sheet of paper was manufactured which measured 
13,800 feet in length, and 4 feet in breadth. 

1830. At the custom house in London, a duty of 
£2,200 was levied on rags ; .£1,400 on superior kinds 
of papers for artists ; and £701,000 upon paper. 

1830. Wooster & Holmes of Meadville, Pa., ob- 
tained a patent for an improvement in the mode of 
making paper from wood, by which one hundred 
pounds of wood should be productive of from five to 
seven reams of paper, according to their estimates. 

1830. Joseph E. Holmes and Lewis Wooster, of 
Ohio, manufactured paper of the lime and aspen, upon 
which an edition of the Crawford Messenger was 
printed. They also made wrapping paper and book- 
board of superior quality. They had a process of 
reducing wood to shavings with great rapidity. But 
Magaw, who had obtained a patent for making paper 
of " straw and other vegetable substances," claimed 



9© Chronology of the Origin and 

that their use of alkalies was an infringement of his 
patent, and the process was abandoned. 

1830. Richard Ibotson, of England, invented an 
apparatus for separating the knots from paper-stufF, 
which the sieves or strainers in use were inadequate to 
do effectually. It superseded the operation of picking 
the lumps from paper after it was made, which caused 
much damaged paper, and freed it from imperfections 
that caused serious damage to types and wood cuts. 

1830. About this time Messrs. Phelps and Spafford, 
of Connecticut, succeeded in constructing paper ma- 
chines which did good execution. 

1830. Ephraim F. and Thomas Blank, of the city 
of New York, obtained a patent for a composition 
called leather paper. The art consisted of making 
paper from the refuse shavings or parings of leather, 
adapted to sheathing vessels. The process was the 
same as with rags. 

1830. S. Aimes's paper mills near Philadelphia, 
were destroyed by fire (May 10). - 

1830. Mr. Sanderson, owner of a mill at Milton, 
Mass., manufactured binders' boards from three differ- 
ent kinds of salt grass, which grew in abundance near 
his mill ; for which he obtained a patent. 

1830. John Hall obtained a patent in England for 
a modification of Dickinson's cylinder-mould con- 
tinuous paper machine, communicated to him by a 
foreigner. The leading feature of the invention was 
a mode of supplying the vat in which the wire cylinder 
is immersed, with a copious flow of water, for the 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 9 1 

purpose ot creating a considerable pressure upon the 
external surface of the cylinder, and thereby causing 
the fibres of the paper-pulp to adhere to the mould. 

1830. John Wilks, an English machinist, improved 
the Fourdrinier machine by adding a perforated roller 
to facilitate the escape of the water from the pulp-web, 
previously to its being subjected to the pressing rollers, 
which'\vas denominated a dandy. 

1830. John Dickinson, of England, patented a 
mode of making paper in two layers or strata, which 
were brought together on the second cylinder, and 
formed into a single substance, a mode chiefly advan- 
tageous in producing thick paper. 

1830. A patent was granted to Thomas & Wood- 
cock, of Brattleborough, Vt., for an improvement in 
the manufacture of paper by means of a machine 
called a pulp-dresser. 

1830. Thomas Gilpin, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
patent for an improvement in the mode of finishing 
paper, which consisted of calenders, or cylinders be- 
tween which the paper passed to give it a polished 
surface. 

1830. Thomas Barratt, an English paper maker, 
obtained a patent for inserting the water-mark and 
maker's name to continuous paper, so as to resemble 
in every respect paper made by hand. It is to this 
ingenious man that we are indebted for the improved 
means of finishing paper, owing to the perfection he 
attained in making cast iron rollers truer than was 
possible by the old mode of turning them in a lathe. 



92 Chronology of the Origin and 

This consisted in grinding the rollers together, allow- 
ing merely a small stream of water to flow over them, 
without emery or any other grinding material ; and 
by continuing the operation for many weeks, true 
cylinders were obtained. This is the mode now 
adopted in finishing rollers for all purposes requiring 
great accuracy. 

1 83 1. Jean Jaques Jaquier obtained a patent for 
making continuous paper with wire marks, similar to 
the laid papers usually made by hand ; to which the 
preference was still given for their greater strength 
and peculiar appearance. 

1 83 1. Frederick A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., 
patented an improvement in making pasteboard of 
other paper intended for sheathing. 

1 83 1. The Annsville paper mill, owned by Gen. 
Pierre Van Cortlandt, of Westchester Co., N. Y., 
and occupied by Mr. Ritter, was destroyed by fire on 
the 15th March, with a loss of $3,000, and no in- 
surance. 

1 83 1. May 10. The steam paper mill at Cleve- 
land, Ohio, occupied by J. Kellogg, was destroyed by 
fire. The loss was estimated at $7,000; no insurance. 

1 83 1. The Franklin Repository^ printed at Cham- 
bersburg. Pa., announced that there was being erected 
in that borough, a mill house 150 feet long by 50 wide, 
and three stories high, in which it was contemplated 
to place eight machines, for the manufacture of straw 
paper, to go into operation the following spring. 

1 83 1. Edward Pine, of Troy, patented a machine 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 93 

for cutting paper made by cylinder machines, while 
it was wet. 

1 83 1. George Carvil, of Manchester, Ct., obtained 
a patent for a mode of cleaning rags. His apparatus 
was a common screen, with or without pins and knives, 
having wings composed of thin pieces of wood or 
metal, affixed upon its outside, extending from end to 
end, in order to create a wind by their motion. 

1 83 1. An impetus was now given to the manufac- 
ture of paper in the United States, by the recent in- 
troduction of machinery, and changes in the mode of 
manufacture, as well as the materials used. Old junk, 
rope, hemp, tow, bagging, raw cotton, cotton waste, 
colored and filthy rags, and other material which had 
previously only been used in the making of coarser 
papers, were gradually brought into use for the finest 
grades, by the introduction of chlorine and other 
means of cleansing and bleaching, until they had risen 
300 per cent in value. 

• 1831. E. N. Fourdrinier invented a very ingenious 
apparatus for cutting the web of paper transversely 
into any desired lengths, which performed its duty well. 

1 83 1. Mr. Turner, an English paper-maker, ob- 
tained a patent for a peculiar strainer, designed to 
arrest the lumps mixed with the finer paper-pulp, 
whereby he could dispense with the usual vat and hog 
in which the pulp is agitated immediately before it is 
floated upon the endless wire web of the Fourdrinier 
apparatus. It could also be applied advantageously to 
hand paper machines. 



94 Chronology of the Origm and 

1 83 1 . The chiffonniers^ or rag collectors of Paris, rose 
against the police because it was ordered in certain 
municipal regulations, that the filth of the streets should 
be taken away in carts, without time being allowed for 
its examination by those diligent savers of capital. 

1 83 1. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., introduced 
a wire cloth cylinder for carrying off the dirt and filth 
which is beaten from the rags in the engine, as a sub- 
stitute for the screens or washers then in use. 

1 83 1 . There were about 600 persons engaged in the 
manufacture of paper in Ireland. 

1832. James Sawyer, of Newbury, Vt., took out a 
patent for a machine for cleansing paper, called the 
piston pulp-strainer, which differed in its mode . of 
action from that of Thomas L. Woodcock. 

1832. Francis Goucher, of Pennsylvania, made an 
improvement in the machinery for washing pulp, for 
which he took out a patent. 

1832. April 14. The paper manufactory of Taft, 
in Dedham, Mass., was burnt. 

1832. Samuel Foster, of Brattleborough, Vt., intro- 
duced a machine for cleaning and dusting rags. 

1832. Nearly 12,000 quintals of paper were im- 
ported into Germany to supply the deficiency of its 
manufacture. 

1832. Thomas French, of Ithaca, patented a filtering 
machine, which was designed to supersede the pulp- 
dresser. 

1832. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., obtained a 
patent for an improvement in the mode of sizing paper 
by machinery, and for a pulp-dresser. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 9 5 

1832. M. Goumar received a medal of 200 francs 
value for a mode of neutralizing the acid in paper 
used for lithographic work. He simply passed it 
through lime water. 

1832. The excise duty on paper in England had in- 
creased nearly X 100,000 in three years, being 
£815,000. 

1832. It was said by the New York yournal of Com- 
merce^ that the improvements of paper machinery had 
been so great in five years, that though they used a 
sheet a quarter larger, it cost them a quarter less money. 

1832. Henry Brewer, of England, modified the 
parallel rod-strainer of Mr. Ibotson, by constructing 
square boxes with gridiron bottoms, giving a powerful 
up-and-down vibration in the pulp-tub, by levers, 
rotary shafts and cranks. 

1832. Joseph Amies, an English paper maker, im- 
proved the paper machine by a peculiar mode of con- 
structing the bottom of a strainer or sieve for arresting 
the knots and lumps in pulp. 

1832. Jarvis & French, of Tompkins county, 
N. Y., invented a mode of pressing paper by passing 
it between two hollow metallic rollers, which was 
used at the Falls Creek mill at Ithaca, by which the 
quality of the paper was improved and much labor 
saved. 

1832. The manufacture of paper in the United 
States was estimated at $7,000,000 per annum, of 
which $3,500,000 was paid for rags, and $1,200,000 
for labor. The price of paper had declined from 20 



g6 Chronology of the Origin a?id 

to 25 per cent, while the quality had advanced in 
about the same ratio. 

1832. Coleman Sellers, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
patent for a pulp-di'esser, for separating knobs and all 
gross articles from pulp. 

1832. Mr. Towgood, of England, patented a paper- 
cutting machine, which dispensed with the reel and 
cut the paper as it came from the steam cylinders. 

1832. Frederick A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., ob- 
tained a patent for paper designed for covering build- 
ings- He mixed finely ground coal and sulphur in 
the pulp, and added salt and lime to render it less 
combustible. 

1832. Samuel E. Foster, of Brattleborough, Vt., 
patented a mode of cleansing paper makers' felts. 
They were passed over a perforated roller filled with 
water or steam. 

1832. The paper mill erected at Martinsburg, 
N. Y. (see 1807), fell into ruin. It manufactured 
writing, wrapping and wall paper by the hand process, 
having no machinery but an engine for grinding. 

1832. The first machinery for making paper, in 
Jefferson county, N. Y., was introduced this year by 
Knowlton & Rice, at Watertown, where they had 
commenced paper making about eight years before. 
Their mills were repeatedly burned. 

1832. The paper made in the state of Connecticut 
was valued at $564,000 much of which was consumed 
in Hartford, then noted for its manufacture of books, 
in which it was surpassed only by Boston, New York 
and Philadelphia. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 97 

1832. The period of the manufacture of paper by 
hand in France now pretty much ceased, and the era 
oF manufacture by machinery fully began. — Paper 
Trade Journal^ July 15, 1875, p. 10. 

1833. Henry Davy, of England, patented a rag- 
cutting and lacerating machine, the invention of a 
foreigner, consisting of an endless feeding cloth, which 
conducted the rough rags to a pair of feed rollers, on 
passing through which they were subjected to the op- 
eration of rotatory cutters ; thence they passed down 
an inclined sieve, upon which they were agitated to 
separate the dust. 

1833. Feb. The paper mill of Wiswall & Flagg 
in Exeter, N. H., was destroyed by fire with all its 
contents. The loss was estimated at more than 
$12,000, of which only f 4,000 was insured. 

1833. M. Tripot, of France, patented a process of 
manufacturing paper from seaweeds. 

1833. A dinner was given by a Dublin printer to a 
large number of persons who had exerted themselves 
for the preservation of his premises from fire on a 
previous occasion, when the table was covered by a 
sheet of paper 125 feet long and 5 feet wide. 

1833. Nov. 2. The paper mill of Messrs. Laflin, 
in Lee, Mass., was destroyed by fire, and $20,000 
loss sustained. 

1833. Paper was exported from France during this 
year to the amount of 5,323,261 francs in value ; or, . 
more than one million dollars. 

1833. Rowland & Griswold patented a mode of 
9 



98 Chronology of the Origin and 

applying the shearings or flocks of cloth, taken from 
the same in the manufacture thereof, for the purpose 
of covering the surfaces of paper, muslin, linen, leather 
and wood, for useful and ornamental purposes. 

1833. Sydney A. Sweet, of Tyringham, Mass., in- 
vented a pulp-sifter, which was simply a sieve with a 
slight modification of similar machines. 

1833. The Penny Maga%ine of the Society for the 
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, in London, consumed 
14,000 reams of paper a year. This required the 
constant working of two machines through the year. 
At the same time a paper mill with one machine was 
held to carry on a notable business, requiring the labor 
of forty workmen. 

1833. Edmund Blake, of Alstead, N. H., invented 
an apparatus for sizing paper in the sheet, without 
handling it in the usual manner, thereby preventing 
the liability to tear, and facilitating the operation by 
sizing a much larger portion at once than could be 
done in the way ordinarily pursued. 

1834. Of an edition of 30,000 copies of a book 
published in England in 18 18, it was said that not a 
perfect copy existed ; all of them having fallen to 
pieces owing to the process of excessive bleaching 
with chlorine, in manufacturing the paper. 

1 834. The quantity of paper annually manufactured 
in Great Britain during the five years ending with 
1834, was 70,988,131 pounds. 

1834. Clark Rice, of Watertown, N. Y., made an 
improvement in the washers for paper engines, which 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 99 

consisted in the peculiar manner in which the vellum 
or wire cloth is kept free from rags or pulp, in the 
various stages of washing, and in which the egress of 
water i% accomplished. 

1834. A French inventor patented a mode of pro- 
ducing paper from the leaves of trees and the ligaments 
of asparagus. It was of no utility whatever. 

1834. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., invented 
an apparatus for cutting machine paper into sheets of 
any required length, as it comes from the drying 
cylinders. He at the same time patented machinery 
for cutting or trimming paper in the ream, which was 
said to have been an old and well known contrivance. 

1834. Writing paper was introduced in England, 
which, by means of a chemical operation it underwent, 
became perfectly black where it was touched with 
a fluid. On writing with a pen dipped in water, a 
legible character was produced. 

1834. Joseph Truman, of Bridgeport, Pa., con- 
ceived a mode of preventing the fibres, in the manu- 
facture of paper, from arranging themselves in one 
direction, as they were inclined to do. He did not 
seem to know what had already been done to obviate 
that difficulty by the agitator. 

1834. A book was published this year in Sweden, 
the paper of which was made entirely of beet root. 
The paper was strong and durable, but not of a fine 
texture, nor white in appearance. Paper was also 
manufactured in that country at the same time, of 
husks and of Russia matting. 



lOO Chronology of the Origin and 

1834. There were about a dozen paper machines 
in operation in France at this time, mostly constructed 
in England. They were henceforth to afford the only 
mode of manufacturing paper which could be pursued 
without loss ; before which the ancient system of 
hand-work was rapidly to disappear. 

1834. May. The paper mills at Newtown Lower 
Falls, owned by Lyons, were burnt. Loss estimated 
at 150,000, 

1834. The net produce of the duty on first and 
second class paper in England this year was .£718,043 ; 
of which only ^£101,023 was from second class paper. 

1835. In November, the mills of Brown, Tower & 
*Co., in Hampden, Me., were destroyed by fire ; loss 
^20,000 ; no insurance. 

1835. Paper was made in Ireland from peat, but 
was of inferior quality. 

1835. Hayti exported 31,192 pounds of rags. 

1835. William Debit, of Hartford, Ct., improved 
the common duster by a combination with it of a shaft 
and knives and beaters. 

1835. The Thibetans had a process of reworking 
old paper made from the bark of the sultarua^ which, 
however, was inferior to the paper of the Hindoos, 
made of the same material. 

1835. The home duty on paper in England was 
recommended to be reduced one-half, and that it be 
fixed at i\d. per pound on all descriptions of first and 
second class paper ; and that the duties on pasteboard 
should be reduced in like manner ; and that mill- 



i 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. loi 

boards, glazed paper for clothiers, and hot-pressers, 
sheathing paper and button paper, and button-board, 
paying a duty of <£i is. per cwt. should be placed on 
the same footing as pasteboard, and be subject to a 
like duty of \\s. per hundred weight. 

1835. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., took out 
a patent for an improvement in the machinery for 
manufacturing paper, which seems to have been the 
manner of applying a drying cylinder to the machines 
in use. 

1835. The quantity of paper manufactured in Eng- 
land was 70,655,287 pounds, on which the govern- 
ment duty was ^838,822. 

1835. The royal printing office at Paris consumed 
about three hundred reams of paper a day, nearly a 
hundred thousand reams a year. 

1835. There were 750 paper mills in operation in 
England, and the annual value of paper manufactured 
is stated by McCulloch as high as X6,ooo^ooo. Paper 
was burdened with an excise duty amounting to more 
than three times as much as the total wages of the 
workmen employed in making it, and the quantity 
annually produced did not exceed 50,000,000 pounds 
of first class, and 16,000,000 of second class paper, 
requiring a supply of about 100,000,000 pounds of 
rags. 

1 836. James Brown, of Esk Mills, near Edinburgh, 
adopted a new contrivance for rarefying the air under 
the web of the paper machine, by using a rectangular 
box transversely beneath the horizontal wire-cloth 
without the interposition of any perforated covering. 



I02 Chronology of the Origin and 

1836. Robert Rose's administrator, of East Hart- 
ford, Ct., patented an improvement in the paper 
machine, which consisted of a mode of sustaining the 
web of wire in a slanting position, so as to form the 
end and in part the bottom of the vat containing the 
stuff, which by draining through the web was properly 
deposited on the web for the formation of the paper. 

1836. The quantity of paper charged with duties of 
excise in Great Britain was 82,145,287 pounds, and 
8,032,577 yards of paper-hangings. The amount of 
duty was X8 12,782. Writing and printing paper, 
which had paid a duty of 3^. a pound, and the ordinary 
grades \\d. since 181 1, were now reduced to \\d. for 
all grades, 

1837. April 17. The paper mill of Peabody, 
Daniel & Co., at Franklin, N. H., was destroyed by 
fire. Loss $20,000 \ insurance f 8,000. 

1837. June 16. Thepaper mill of Carleton& Co., 
at Shirley, Mass., was destroyed by fire ; loss estimated 
at $25,000 ; insured |i6,ooo. 

1837. The paper mill of Mr. Buddington,at Hotch- 
kisstown, near New Haven, was destroyed by fire, 
Sept. 9 ; loss about $8,000. 

1837. Edmund Shaw, of London, claimed to have 
made an improvement in the manufacture of paper, 
by the application of a certain vegetable substance 
not before used for that purpose. This was none 
other than the husks and stalks of Indian corn. He 
was aware that some attempts had been made to pro- 
duce paper from these materials, and also that they 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 03 

were abandoned because of the failure to produce 
good white paper from them. 

1837. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., patented 
a machine for sizing paper, without the use of feltings 
or jackets. 

1838. The gross amount of paper-duty in Great 
Britain for the year, ending on the 5th January, was 

^554,497- 

1838. J. V. Degrand, of London, obtained a patent 

for a certain pulpy product or material for the manu- 
facture of paper and pasteboard. He claimed to use 
only white woods, such as poplars, and excluded every 
possible bark or epidermis. 

1838. Homer Holland, Westfield, Mass., obtained 
a patent for preparing the fibrous portion of corn husks, 
so as to be a suitable base for paper. His patent was 
for a process of macerating the husks in a solution of 
carbonated alkali, and then rendering the alkali caustic 
by adding the hydrate of lime, leaving the fibre strong 
and capable of being perfectly bleached. 

1838. M. De Breza, of Paris, invented a chemical 
compound for rendering paper and other substances 
indestructible by fire, and for preserving them from 
the ravages of insects. 

1838. The paper mill of Messrs. R. L. Underbill 
& Co., at Urbana, N. Y., was destroyed by fire ; loss 
$32,000 ; insurance ^2,000. The owner of the build- 
ing lost $4,000 ; insured $2,000. Mr. Underbill had 
been burnt out twice before within a twelve month. 

1838. May 23. The paper mill of E. Camp in 



I04 Chronology of the Origin and 

Jefferson county, N. Y., was destroyed by fire. It 
was new and had been in operation but a short time. 
T he loss was about $8,000 5 no insurance. 

1838. June 22. The paper mill of A. Bradley & 
Sons in Dansville, N. Y., was burnt. It was nearly 
new, having been in operation but little more than a 
year, and cost $20,000 in its construction. There 
was an insurance of $10,500. 

1838. The quantity of paper imported into the 
United States during this year was $164,179; the 
quantity exported $94,335. The import of rags was 
$465,448. 

1839. The import of paper into the United States 
amounted to $186,418 ; the export was $80,146. 
The import of rags was $588,318. 

1839. Henry Crosby, of London, obtained a patent 
for manufacturing paper from refuse tan (after it had 
been used for tanning, or any other purpose in which 
the fibre had not been destroyed), and hops. The 
latter substance was only used in combination with 
the tan (a species of bark) when it retained its fibre. 
These substances, when combined, were treated the 
same as rags. The claim of the invention was to the 
combination and products. 

1839. Mr, T. B. Crompton, of England, succeeded 
in producing a uniform rarefaction under the wire-cloth 
of the paper machine, by means of a fan. 

1839. At the French exhibition of this year were 
specimens of paper made of the leaves of the banana 
tree and similar plants, but the experiments showed 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 105 

great waste in converting them into paper. With a 
view of reducing the cost of carriage by freeing the 
substances from foreign matter, M. Rocques estab- 
lished powerful works at Havana, to wash and convert 
them into pulp for the European markets ; but even 
in this state the absolute necessity of strong bleaching 
caused a waste of more than one-third of the original 
weight. 

1840. M. Brogniart of Paris seems to have been 
the first to call attention to the changes undergone by 
wood fibre when subjected to the influence of acids 
and alkalies ; but his suggestions were not practically 
applied. 

1840. The number of paper mills in England was 
computed to be 700 ; nearly 80 in Scotland, -and an 
inconsiderable number in Ireland. About 27,000 
individuals were supposed to be engaged in the trade 
in the United Kingdom, producing about X 1,200, 000 
worth of paper. 

1840. The paper mill of Phelps & Field, of Lee, 
Mass., was destroyed by fire, Nov. 27. But a small 
part of the machinery was saved ; loss $20,000 ; in- 
surance $15,000. 

1840. Dec. 10. The Eagle paper mill of Peter 
Simmons, at Chatham, Columbia county, N. Y., was 
burnt, with all its contents. 

1840. One-fifth of all the paper produced in the 
United States was made at Lee, Mass. 

1840. There were 13 paper manufactories in New 
Hampshire, giving employment to 1 1 1 workmen, pro- 



io6 Chronology of the Origin and 

ducing $258,600 worth of paper annually, and having 
a capital of $104,300 invested. 

1840. The development of paper-making in Russia 
is said scarcely to have taken place before this time 
(see 1785) ; that the Russians entered upon the fabri- 
cation of paper long after they had been engaged in 
other manufactures. (See 1712.) 

1840. Lagrange Bull, of Martinique, made known 
the invention of a paper pulp which was manufactured 
from the leaves of the banana tree. 

1 840. The quantity of paper imported by the United 
States this year was $146,790 ; the export $76,957. 
The import of rags was $564,580. 

1840. Nothing, says Dr. Ure, can place the ad- 
vantage of the Fourdrinier machine in a stronger point 
of view than the fact of there being 280 of them now 
at work in the United Kingdom, making collectively 
1,600 miles of paper, of from four to five feet broad, 
every day ; that they have lowered the price of paper 
fifty per cent, and that they have increased the reve- 
nue, directly, and indirectly, by a sum of probably 
.£400,000 per annum. 

1 84 1. The rags used in the manufacture of writ- 
ing paper in Great Britain were collected at home. 
But those used in the manufacture of the best print- 
ing paper were imported principally from Italy, Ham- 
burg, and the Austrian states, by the way of Trieste. 

1841. Feb. 12. The paper mill of M. Safer, 
near Raleigh, N. C, was accidentally burnt. Loss 
86,000. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 107 

1841. England produced 97,103,548 pounds of 
paper. 

1841. March 10. Thepaper mill of Henry Church 
& Co., at Rochester, N. Y., was burnt. 

1 84 1. Barrett & Swann's paper mill at Camden, 
Me., was destroyed by fire. 

1 84 1. The United States imported paper this year 
to the amount of $60,193 » ^"'^ ^^ ^^S^ $496,227. 
The export of paper was $83,483. 

1842. Es gingen zwar noch ungefahr 10,000 Ctr. 
aller Gattungen, ganz abgesehen von den Papierta- 
peten,- welche das Ausland noch zum grossen Theil 
liefert, ein, besonders nach Sachsen und Schlesien aus 
Bohmen, nach Baden aus der Schweiz, dafur aber 
auch iiber 12,000 Ctr. wieder aus. 

1842. Der Zollverein besass 950 Fabriken fur 
Papier, worunter mindestens 50 fur Maschinenpapier ; 
die Total production ist, da alle Anhalte fehlen, 
schwer zu berechnen, steigt aber alle Jahre, ohne der 
Consumtion vorauszueilen. 

1842. March 3. The paper mill at Fall creek, 
Ithaca, owned by Mack, Andrus & Woodruff, was 
destroyed by fire ; loss about |8,000, insured $8,100. 

1842. According to an estimate made at a con- 
vention of paper makers in New York city, the 
machinery and paper mill property in the United 
States, were valued at $16,000,000 — the paper manu- 
factured amounted to $15,000,000 per annum — the 
raw stock collected in the United States, to about 
$6,000,000 per annum, and the amount of stock 



io8 Chronology of the Origin and 

consumed at about 175,000,000 pounds. From fifty 
to sixty thousand persons were employed in the 
various operations connected with the trade for a 
livelihood. 

1842. June 6. The paper mill of Charles Per- 
ham, Groton, Mass., was burnt. Loss f 16, 000; 
insured $8,000. The fire was occasioned by the 
friction of the machinery. 

1842. Oct. The paper mill of William T. Parker, 
at Sudbury, Mass., was burnt. 

1842. The importations of paper into the United 
States amounted to 192,771 ; and $468,230 of rags. 
The export of paper was $69,862. 

1842. There were 356 paper machines employed 
in the mills of Great Britain and Ireland, having 372 
vats. 

1843. J^"^ss Phelps, of West Sutton, Mass., 
made improvements in the washing machine, which 
consisted of an adjustable, rotating water elevator 
and strainer, which could be raised or lowered in the 
vat of the washing or beating engine. Also a rotat- 
ing prismatic screen, or strainer, for straining the 
water from the paper- stock, in the vat of a washing 
or beating engine, in combination with devices for 
discharging the strained water, being not only more 
efficient than a cylindrical screen, but also admitting 
of more ready repair. 

1843. '^^^ number of machines employed iu the 
paper mills of England, Ireland and Scotland, was 
367, requiring 362 vats. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 109 

1843. The English, although they made a suffi- 
cient quantity of most sorts of paper for their own 
use, and exported annually about ,£100,000 worth of 
books, still continued to import certain descriptions 
of paper for engravings, from France, and a small 
supply of paper-hangings ; the duty on both of which 
amounted to about £2,800 a year. 

1843. ^^^ United States imported paper amount- 
ing to $19, 997 ; and exported $51,391 ; the import 
of rags $79,853 ; a great diminution in the annual 
business of these articles, owing to the enforcement 
of a new duty upon rags, which afFected the paper 
trade also. 

1844. There were 600 [400?] paper mills in opera- 
tion in the United States, giving active use to a 
capital of $16,000,000, manufacturing at least a sum 
equal to its capital per annum, and affording mainte- 
nance to at least 5,000 persons. 

1844. Roberts's paper mill at Weston, Mass., was 
burnt. Loss $6,000 ; insured $1,000. 

1844. October 28. The paper mill of Messrs. 
Sharpless, Huskins, & Wallace, on Redstone creek, 
Fayette county, Pa., was destroyed by fire. Loss 
estimated at $20,000. 

1844. The amount of paper imported into the 
United States was $104,648, and of rags $295,586, 
The export of paper was $83,108. 

1844. The paper mills of England, Scotland and 
Ireland employed 370 machines, and 359 vats. 

1844. One Keller took out letters patent in Gar- 



no Chronology of the Origin and 

many for a wood pulp grinding machine, and is 
claimed to have been the true inventor. Lacking 
capital to avail himself of the advantages of his dis- 
covery, he sold to Voelter, and subsequently fell 
into want, so that the German paper makers came to 
his relief by subscriptions. 

1844. The German ZoUverein imported annually 
about 8,000 thalers worth of gray blotting and pack- 
ing paper, and exported papers of finer qualities, to 
the amount of more than 256,000 thalers. 

1844. The Russian manufactory at Peterhof had 
been so much enlarged that it now turned at 70,000 
reams a year, mostly fine papers. 

1845. The quantity of rags consumed in the 
United States was estimated to amount to $6,000,000. 

1845. There were 89 paper mills in Massachusetts, 
which consumed annually 15,886 tons of stock, pro- 
ducing 607,175 reams of paper, valued at $1,750,200, 
and employing 1,369 workmen. 

1845. ^^^ amount of paper imported into the 
United States was $98,000; the export $106,190. 
The import of rags amounted to $421,080. 

1845. '^^^ number of paper mills in Austria having 
machines was 40 ; the number working by the old 
process was 940. The total product was 314,000 
quintals, selling at an average of 13 cents a pound. 
The number of persons employed was 12,000, besides 
rag-sorters. 

1845. R. A. Brooman, of London, obtained a 
patent for producing paper from gutta percha, and an 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 1 1 

intermixture of other substances. The fibre of the 
gutta percha tree is said to be very strong. 

1845. The quantity of paper charged with duties 
of excise in the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
and Ireland, was 124,247,071 pounds. The exports 
amounted to 4,864,185 pounds. 

1846. The import of paper into the United States 
this year was $194,220 ; of rags $385,397, being 3.89 
cents per pound. The export of paper was |i 22,597. 

1846. The Thuringian states of Germany had 41 
paper mills, with 53 vats, and employing 274 persons. 

1846. E. F. Vidocq, of Paris, secured a patent for 
obtaining paper, by the usual process, from a com- 
bination of leather cuttings, scraps, &c., hemp, cotton, 
wool, oakum, and other substances. 

1846. There were in Prussia 394 paper mills, em- 
ploying 6,393 workmen, and having 503 vats and 72 
paper machines. 

1846. Bavaria had 176 paper mills, with 257 vats and 
II machines, giving employment to 1,884 workmen. 

1846. The number of paper mills in Saxony was 
66, having 68 vats, and 6 machines, giving employ- 
ment to 997 workmen. 

1846. There were in the Grand Duchy of Hesse 
21 paper mills, employing 170 workmen; having 18 
vats and i paper machine. 

1846. The electorate of Hesse, belonging to the 
Zollverein, had 28 paper mills, having 39 vats and 
6 machines, giving employment to 299 workmen. 

1846. Baden, in Germany, had 32 paper mills. 



112 Chronology of the Origin and 

having 33 vats and 14 machines, and employing 624 
workmen. 

1846. Nassau, in Germany, employed 196 persons 
in the manufacture of paper ; having 27 mills, with 
30 vats and 6 machines. 

1846. The annual imports of paper by the German 
Zollverein were upwards of 9,000 Prussian dollars ; 
the exports $270,589. The exports were mostly fine 
papers, and the imports were of the coarser qualities. 

1846. Genoa exported 1,178 tons of paper to 
Mexico, Spain, and the Brazils. 

1846. The quantity of rags imported into the United 
States from all countries was 9,837,706 pounds, of 
which 8,002,865 pounds came from Italy. The 
aggregate value was $385,397, or 3.89 cents per 
pound. (See p. 99.) 

1846. The quantity of paper manufactured in 
Great Britain and Ireland was 127,412,482 pounds, 
of which 4,836,556 pounds were exported. The 
paper mills of those countries employed 384 machines 
and 378 vats. 

1846. There were 37 paper mills reported in the 
state of Connecticut. 

1846. Dec. TheHollister paper mills, at Windsor 
Locks, Conn., were burnt. Loss $12,000; insured 
for $8,000. 

1846. May 23. The paper mill of Mr. Craig at 
Fondasbush, Montgomery county, N. Y., was burnt. 
The loss was $4,000 ; insurance $1,000. 

1847. Figuier and Poumarede, of Paris, invented 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 113 

a kind of parchment paper, similar to that patented by 
Gaine in England, in 1857, q. v. 

1847. August 6. David Ames died at Spring- 
field, Mass., aged 87. He was a manufacturer of 
paper more than half a century, and was the first to 
introduce modern improvements. He was a man of 
great enterprise, for some time held the office of 
superintendent of the United States armory under the 
government, and was actively engaged in business 
until a very short period before his death. 

1847. The quantity of paper manufactured in 
Great Britain and Ireland was 121,965,315 pounds, 
of which 5,852,979 pounds were exported. This 
gave employment to 405 machines, with 373 vats. 

1847. Denmark imported about 300 tons of paper 
from Belgium, France, and other countries. 

1847. '^^^ paper machine had been so universally 
introduced into all the new, as well as the old vat 
mills in the United States, that there were now only 
two mills of any note engaged in making paper by 
hand, and those were employed in producing particular 
sorts, requiring great strength and firmness. 

1847. '^^^ Netherlands imported chiefly from Bel- 
gium and the ZoUverein, 219 tons of paper valued at 
$7,167.60. The importation of rags was 700 pounds 
only. The exportation of paper the same year was 
148 tons ; principally to Java. The exportation of 
rags was only 1,200 pounds. 

1847. There were 66 paper mills in the kingdom 
10 



114 Chronology of the Origin and 

of Saxony, with 6 machines, employing 992 persons. 
The exports and imports were trifling. 

1847. The proprietors of the New Orleans Bul- 
letin announced that they printed their paper on an 
article manufactured by themselves, at a mill in the 
third municipality, which they believed to be the 
only successful attempt to manufacture paper so far 
south. 

1847. '^^^ quantity of paper manufactured in the 
United States at this time was computed at 18 millions 
of dollars in value per annum. 

1847. Two paper mills were erected in Georgia 
this year, an event which the editor of the Savannah 
Republican remarked, that a few years before he de- 
spaired of living long enough to see. 

1847. The quantity of rags imported into the 
United States this year was 8,154,886 pounds, of 
which 6,519,234 pounds came from Italy; the ag- 
gregate value was $304,216, being 3.73 cents per 
pound ; of paper $195,571. The export of paper 
was $88,731. 

1847. Herr Voelter, who availed himself of the 
wood-pulp grinding machine of Keller, having im- 
proved certain features of the process, and instituted 
the manufacture, now employed large quantities of the 
pulp for the manufacture of newspaper. 

1847. The quantity of paper imported into Den- 
mark this year was 334,000 kilogrammes, paying 
$13,020 duties. 

1 848. The import of rags from Denmark was 
53,290 pounds, amounting to $1,614. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 115 

1848. The United States imported paper amount- 
ing to $415,668 ; and of rags $626,607. The 
quantity imported from all countries was 17,014,587 
pounds, of which 13,803,036 pounds came from Italy; 
the average price per pound was 3.68 cents. The 
export of paper was $78,507. 

1848. The quantity of paper manufactured in 
Great "Britain and Ireland was 121,820,229 pounds, 
of which 5,180,286 pounds were exported. The 
number of machines employed was 407, with 367 vats.^ 

1848. Zenas M. Crane, of Dalton, Mass , obtained 
a patent for an improvement in machinery for cutting 
paper. Patents were also obtained for the same 
purpose by George L. Wright, of Springfield, Mass. ; 
by Mark Wilder, of Peterborough, N. H. ; by J. C. 
Kneeland and George M. Phelps, of Troy, N. Y. ; 
and Alonzo Gilman, of Troy, N. Y. 

1848. The importation of paper in Hamburg was 
of the estimated value of $239,568. 

1848. Sardinia produced paper which amounted in 
value to $2,400,000, none of which was exported. 

1848. Spain exported 140,000 reams of paper, to 
the following countries : Cuba, 94,000 reams ; Chili, 
16,000 reams ; Porto Rico, 10,000 reams ; to other 
countries, 20,000 reams. 

1848. March 21. The paper mill of Knowlton 
& Rice at Watertown, N. Y,, was destroyed by fire. 

1848. Leghorn exported rags and paper amount- 
ing to 30,000 pounds, about half to England, and the 
other half to the United States. 



1 1 6 Chronology of the Origin and 

1849. There were 74 paper manufacturers in Bel- 
gium, employing 1,893 persons ; 22 steam engines 
of 254 horse power in the aggregate ; 2 horse mills 
of 2 horses each ; 68 water mills, and 7 wind mills. 
The United States imported paper from Belgium 
amounting to 19,950 francs. 

1849. ^' Brindly obtained a patent in England 
for a mode of rendering paper water-proof. This 
was accomplished by saturating the web of paper as 
it passed from the machine, with linseed oil, and sub- 
jecting it to a high temperature until dried, by which 
it was rendered impervious to water. 

1849. Grimpe & Colas, of France, invented paper 
for bank notes, which was intended to defy fraud and 
forgery. A committee of the Academy of Sciences 
had encouraged rival artists to make all possible ex- 
periments to test the infallibility of the paper, and no 
effort was spared to the accomplishment of that end, 
but without avail. 

1849. An Englishman invented a method of split- 
ing paper. The bank of England sent him a one 
pound note, much worn, to test his skill. He re- 
turned it in two sections. 

1849. A. H. Laflin, who was the first to intro- 
duce machine laid paper into this country, at Her- 
kimer, N. Y., in this year made the first laid note 
paper on a machine which was ordered by White & 
Sheffield. 

1849. The United States imported paper this year 
to the amount of ^395,773 ; and of rags $524,755. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 117 

The quantity imported from Italy was 1 1 ,009,668 Ibs^ ; 
the aggregate quantity brought from all countries was 
14,941,236 pounds, at an average of 2.51 cents. The 
exports were $86,827. 

1849. "'"^^ export of paper from Belgium amount- 
ed to ,£36,940. 

184^. France exported paper-hangings to the 
United States, to the amount of 214,000 pounds ; 
and imported upwards of 1,620,000 pounds of rags. 
The total export of paper was over 9,250,000 pounds. 

1849. Messrs. Chambers, of Edinburgh, petitioned 
parliament for a removal or reduction of the excise 
duty on paper, which was especially severe on low- 
priced books. 

1849. '^^^ importations of rags and other mate- 
rials into Belgium for the manufacture of paper, 
amounted to only 14!^ tons. Their exportations of 
paper were about $12,000. 

1849. Amos & Clarke obtained a patent in Eng- 
land for a strainer used in the paper machine. 

1849. ^^^ quantity of paper manufactured in 
Great Britain and Ireland was 132,132,660 pounds, 
of which 5,966,319 pounds were exported. 

1849. Messrs. Amos & Clarke, of England, 
patented a paper-cutting machine, which obviated the 
difficulty that grew out of the increased velocity of 
the machines, by which the sheets were cut into 
irregular lengths. 

1849. T"^^ number of paper machines employed 
in the mills of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was 
406, with 353 vats. 



1 1 8 Chronology of the Origin and 

1849. T^^ exports of rags during this year from 
Trieste to the United States were $9,656. 

1849. The first paper manufactory in France 
which adopted the wood- grinding process was that at 
Souche, in this year. 

1 850. The German Zollverein consumed annually, 
over 1,180,000 cwts. of rags in the manufacture of 
paper; employing 794 paper mills, having 116 paper 
machines, producing annually about 36,964 tons of 
paper. 

1850. Henry Pohl, of Paterson, N. J., improved 
the regulator, or pulp meter, to measure the quantity 
of pulp for webs of different thicknesses. 

1850. M. Didot stated that there were 200 paper 
machines in France, producing 195 tons each per year, 
making a total of 39,000 tons ; and 250 vats, produc- 
ing over 2,000 more tons per year ; being a gross 
amount of 41,000 tons, of all kinds of paper. A 
paper machine occupied about 60 persons, and a vat 
10. 

1850. Nov. 23. The only paper mill in the Dis- 
».rict of Columbia, situated four miles above George- 
town, was destroyed by fire. Loss $2,000. 

1850. The export of paper and stationery from 
the United States to foreign countries was not less 
than a hundred thousand dollars. 

1850. The number of paper mills in England was 
327 ; in Scotland, 51 ; in Ireland, 37. The number 
of beating engines in England was 1,374 ; in Scotland, 
286 ; in Ireland, 86. The number of machines em- 
ployed was 412, with 344 vats. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 1 9 

1850. A German by the name of Ebart, owning 
a large manufactory in Neustadt Elberwald, invented 
an incombustible and impermeable paper, which he 
termed stone paper, suitable for roofing houses, not 
easily broken, and capable of being produced at a 
low price. 

1850. Specimens of paper were made in Algiers 
from the dwarf palm, which abounds in that country, 
and of which it was thought that four millions of 
quintals could be obtained every year, by causing it 
to be gathered by women and children, at a cost of 
about 18 cents a hundred pounds ; which if beat into 
half stuff in its green state, would yield 36 per cent 
of its weight ; and dry, 50 per cent : and that two 
hours beating would be sufficient to render this half 
stuff fit for making fine paper. 

1850. The amount of capital employed in the 
manufacture of paper in the United States was es- 
timated at 18 millions of dollars ; the annual product 
of paper, 17 millions; the number of mills, 700 ; 
the number of operatives employed, 100,000. 
Another statement gives 443 mills, the product of 
which was estimated at $10,187,177. — Paper Trade 
Reporter^ Sept. i, 1873, P* 5- 

1850. The quantity of paper charged with excise 
duty manufactured in Great Britain and Ireland, was 
141,032,474 pounds. • 

1850. The amount of duty paid on paper in Eng- 
land was ,£693,741; in Scotland, £187,687; in 
Ireland, £44,096. The quantity of paper manufac- 



I20 Chronology of the Origin and 

tured in Great Britain and Ireland was 141,032,674 
pounds, of which 7,762,686 pounds were exported. 
1850. Great Britain imported 8,124 tons of rags, 
among which were 32 tons from the United States, 
and 23 tons from Egypt. 

1850. The United States imported rags from 
nineteen countries. The quantity imported was 
20,696,875 pounds at 3.61 cents a pound. Of these 
15,861,266 pounds came from Italian and Austrian 
ports. The total value was $748,707. Paper was 
imported to the amount of $496,563. 

1 85 1. The quantity of paper manufactured in 
Great Britain and Ireland was 150,903,43 pounds, 
of which 8,305,590 pounds were exported. The 
number of machines employed in those countries was 
413, with 330 vats. 

1 85 1. The United States imported rags of the 
value of $903,747, at 3.46 cents a pound. Of the 
26,094,701 pounds imported, 18,512,673 were from 
Italy. 

1 85 1. There was exhibited at the World's fair in 
London, a roll of paper, being a continuous sheet 
2,500 yards long. 

1 85 1. The export of paper and stationery from 
the United States was to the amount of $155,664 for 
the year ending June 30. 

185 1. It was estimatec?" that there was produced 
at this time in Great Britain, 5,500,000 pieces of 
paper-hangings, valued at ^400,000. 

1 85 1. In the kingdom of the Two Sicilies there 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, ill 

were 12 paper machines, and 12 vats, employing 300 
persons. The whole produce amounted to 306 tons 
annually, and paper was exported to Rome, Sicily, 
Leghorn, Malta, the Ionian Isles, and Greece. 

1 85 1. Messrs. Donkin & Co., of England, who 
perfected the Fourdrinier paper machine, constructed 
their 191st machine. Of these 83 were made for 
Great Britian, 23 for France, 46 for Germany, 22 for 
the north of Europe, 14 for Italy and the south of 
Europe, 2 for America, and i for India. It was Mr. 
Bryan Donkin, who, as engineer, carried out the 
desired plans in perfecting the Fourdrinier machine, 
and produced, after intense application, a self-acting 
model, of which he afterwards constructed so many 
for home use and for exportation, which were perfectly 
successful in the manufacture of continuous paper. 

1 85 1. The quantity of paper produced in Austria 
was stated at 650,000 cwts. per annum. There 
were 900 vat-mills, and 49 mills using machines ; 
two-fifths of the product of paper was from the latter, 
which were chiefly driven by water-power. 

1 85 1. Brewer & Smith, who had made improve- 
ments in paper moulds in England, patented the same 
in the United States. 

1 85 1. The paper mill belonging to the Goodman 
Manufacturing Company, at South Hadley, Mass., 
was destroyed by fire. The company had failed a 
short time before, involving a loss of $20,000.^ 

* The question has been propounded, if a paper company should fail 
for the want of anything but water or stock. 
11 



122 Chronology of the Origifi and 

1 85 1. There were 6 paper machines in operation 
in Denmark, besides one in Holstein, and 20 vats, 
producing altogether about 1,312 tons per year. 

1 85 1. There were five paper mills employing seven 
machines, in Sweden, and eight vat-mills. 

1 85 1. There were 17 paper machines in operation 
in Spain, which were imported from England, France, 
and Belgium ; also 250 vats. The annual produce 
of paper was 4,741 tons. 

1 85 1. There were 12 paper machines and 60 vats 
in the kingdom of Sardinia. 

185 1. M. Adolphe Roque, who had bestowed 
many years of patient investigation on the improve- 
ment of the manufacture of paper, succeeded in 
adapting to that purpose the fibres of certain filaceous 
plants, especially the banana and the aloe, whereby it 
was expected that " the present costly, laborious, 
patchy, rag process might be superseded by a raw 
material easily procurable in large quantities, and 
safely and economically worked into a clear, strong 
and durable texture." 

185 1. The paper employed in the manufacture of 
books in Great Britain paid an excise of 14 guineas a 
ton, being about one-fifth the selHng price of the 
article. 

1 85 1. Samples of paper made from alfa fibre were 
exhibited at the London exhibition, in the Algerian 
section of .French products. The plant is abundant 
on both shores of the Mediterranean, 

1 85 1. At the great exhibition a huge sheet of 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 23 

Nepal paper attracted attention, manufactured from a 
species of fibrous plants found in that country, by a 
process supposed to have been introduced from China. 

1 85 1. There were 20 paper mills in Tuscany, and 
2 English machines at the mill near Florence. 

1 85 1. In Switzerland there were 26 paper machines 
and 40 vat-mills, producing together annually 11,607 
tons. The wages of the men are about 16 cents a 
day, and of women about 1 1 cents. No paper was 
exported. 

1 85 1. There were six paper machines distributed 
among four mills in the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom 
of Italy. 

1 85 1. There were three paper machines in opera- 
tion in the Roman states. 

1 85 1. There was a paper mill at Smyrna, having a 
machine, and a vat-mill at Constantinople, which was 
all the Turkish empire proper afforded. 

1 85 1. There was a paper mill in Egypt, at Boulac, 
near Cairo, which was a vat-mill. This mill belonged 
to the Khedive in 1873, ^^<^ employed 155 persons 
at monthly wages, and 63 at task. Its annual product 
was 165,511 reams of paper for printing, etc., and 
347 cwt. of wrapping. — Paper Trade Journal^ p. 2, 
Jan. 15, 1874. 

1 85 1. There were 13 paper manufacturing com- 
panies in Lee, Mass., running 25 mills, and producing 
at the rate of about 25,000 pounds of paper per day, 
valued at $6,300, or two millions a year. 

1 85 1. Nov. II. The lower paper mill at Union 



1 24 Chronology of the Origin and 

Falls, in the town of Marcellus, N. Y., owned by 
George W. Ryan, was burnt, with a large quantity 
of stock ; loss more than $8,000 j insured $4,000. 

1 85 1. George West, of Tyringham, Mass., in- 
vented an improvement in the pulp-strainer, which 
consisted of a better separator of the impurities by a 
strainer, operated upon by a bellows. 

1852. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain and Ireland was 154,469,211 pounds, valued 
at two millions sterling, of which 7,328,886 pounds 
were exported. 

1852. The number of paper mills at work in Eng- 
land was 304 5 in Scotland, 48 ; in Ireland, 28 ; total, 
380. There were 1,616 beating engines at work, and 
130 silent. Sharp's Gazetteer states the number of 
paper mills to have been 800, employing 30,000 work- 
men ; but the Jury Report of the London Exhibition 
of Industry, gives the number of mills as being only 
415, including England, Scotland, and Ireland ; some , 
of which were idle. -aj 

1852. J. Mansell, of London, patented a mode of 
Drnamenting paper, which consisted of imparting to it 
a resemblance to plain damask weaving, by passing it 
between plates. 

1852. Jean A. Farina, of Paris, obtained a pulp for 
the manufacture of paper from the plant called spartum, 
or waterbroom, using both the stalks and the roots. 
This material at first encountered great opposition 
both from proprietors and their workmen, but finally 
assumed vast importance as a raw material. The 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 125 

stationer discovered that he. could use I2lb. demy as 
141b. demy rag. It was known to the Romans. 

1852. G. W. Turner, of London, improved the 
paper machine by the application of the endless wire- 
web in combination with and passing around the 
cylinder, and taking the pulp up from the vat, carry- 
ing it forward and submitting it to the action of the 
dandy roller and pneumatic trough, taking the place 
of the fixed 'wire-web and endless felt, in the cylinder 
machine, and the wire-web upon which the pulp flows 
in the Fourdrinier machine. Also for a mode of 
passing the paper through a trough of size, between 
two endless felts, obtaining a uniform and thorough 
saturation. • 

1852. Joseph Kingsland, of Saugerties, and Nor- 
man White, of New York, patented an inprovement 
in the mode of drying sized paper. 

1852. The United States exported to foreign coun- 
tries paper and stationery to the amount of $119,535, 
during the year ending June 30. 

1852. The export of paper from Germany was 
40,000 quintals, a country which twenty years earlier 
imported largely. 

1852. The prices of rags in England were : 
1st quality lbs. per cwt. 

2d " lbs. " 

3d " lis. 6d. " 
4th " 7J. " 

1852. The export of rags from England had sel- 
dom exceeded 500 tons a year, but this year no less 



126 Chronology of the Origin and 

than 2,462 tons, mostly British and Irish, were 
exported. 

1852. The United States imported rags from thirty- 
two countries, to the amount of 18,288,458 pounds, 
at 3.46 cents a pound, amounting to $626,729. The 
consumption of paper was equal to that of England 
and France together. Of the supply of foreign rags 
12,220,570 pounds came from Italy. 

1852. Spartum or waterbroom, since known as 
Exparto, a fibrous grass which grows on the sandy 
shores of Spain, was introduced as paper stock, and 
has ever since continued to be the most valuable fibre 
yet discovered as a substitute for that of linen. See 
page ill, waterbroom. 

1852. Feb. 14. A paper mill at Windsor Locks, 
belonging to William English, was burned with the 
stock and machinery in the mill, valued at $2,000. 

1852. April 18. The paper mill of John and 
George Maynard, at Hardwick, Mass., was burnt. 
Loss $7,200. 

1852. June 5. The Hollingsworth paper mill, 
at Groton, Mass., was destroyed by fire. 

1852. June 5. CaufFman's paper mill, near 
Mariottstown, Md., was destroyed by fire. Loss 
$20,000, partly insured. 

1852. The paper manufacturers of France pub- 
lished a protest against the proposed duty on paper, 
showing that it would not produce more than 3,000,000 
of francs per annum. 

1852. July 10. The paper mill of Plainer & Smith, 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 27 

at East Lee, Mass., was burnt ; loss about $8,000, 
insured. 

1852. July 30. Smill & Bell's mill at Old Hadley, 
Mass., was burnt. Loss $20,000 ; insured $6,000. 

1852. Nov. 1 7. Todd & Brother's paper mill at 
Cooperstown, was burnt. Loss about $30,000; 
insured j^ $6,000. 

1852. Coupier & Mellier, at Maidstone, Eng., 
patented a process, by which a pulp suitable for the 
manufacture of paper was to be prepared from wood. 
It consisted in allowing boiling soda or potash lye to 
act upon the wood cut into small pieces. 

1852. There were exported from Cape Haytien 
during this year, 1,436 pounds of rags. 

1853. "^^^ paper mill on Chester creek, Pennsyl- 
vania, which was claimed to have been established in 
1 7 13 (see 1729), and at which Franklin procured his 
paper, was announced as still in operation, having 
adopted none of the improvements of modern times, 
but continued to manufacture paper in the same mode 
as was pursued a hundred and forty years before. 

1853. J^^* ^°* Carter's paper mill, near Elkton, 
Md., was burnt. 

1853. -^ sheet of paper was manufactured at Stir- 
ling, England, 3,000 yards in length, and 54 inches 
wide, weighing 400 pounds. It was made and finished, 
it is stated, within three hours, at a cost of a little more 
than iSio. 

1853. ■^- ^ J- Ames, extensive manufacturers at 
Springfield, Mass., failed for a large sum. See p. 68. 



128 Chronology of the Origin and 

1853. Charles Knight, the London publisher, stated 
that in twenty years he had paid to government, in 
duty on paper, ,£50,000. 

1853. Sept. 4. The mill of Jessup & Laflin at 
Westfield, Mass., was burnt. Loss $2800 ; insured 
$15,000. 

1853. The value of rags imported into the United 
States from abroad for the year ending June 30, was 
$982,837, the quantity being 22,766,000 pounds at 
4.31 cents. Of this quantity 2,666,000 pounds were 
obtained in England. Italy was the greatest source 
of supply, the quantity furnished being 14,171,292 
pounds. Rags were imported from twenty-six different 
countries. 

1853. The value of paper and articles manufactured 
of it, imported into the United States for the year . 
ending June 30, was $602,659, exclusive of books. 

1853. The export of paper and stationery from this 
country was $122,212. 

1853. The import of rags into Great Britain during 
this and the two preceding years averaged yearly 9,332 
tons. 

1853. The quantity of paper manufactured annually 
in Great Britain during the five years ending with this 
year, was 151,234,179 pounds; which was an increase 
of 1 14 per cent in twenty years, while the whole 
population in that period had increased not more than 
16 per cent. The estimated value of the annual 
product was £4,000,000. 

1853. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 29 

Britain andlrelandwzi 177,633,010 pounds, of which 
13,296,874 pounds were exported. The import of 
paper during the year was not far from 200,000 pounds; 
the consumption therefore was about 5.40 pounds />^r 
capita of the population. 

1853. ^^ ^^^ estimated that in France about 70,000 
tons of paper were produced yearly; in England 
66,000 tons ; and that the production in this country 
was nearly equaLto both France and England. 

1853. France, with a population of 36,000,000 
turned into paper annually 105,000 tons of rags, of 
which 6,000 tons were imported. Great Britain, with 
28,000,000 population, required yearly 90,000 tons 
of rags, of which 15,000 were imported. The annual 
value of paper manufactured in Great Britain was 
estimated at $17,760,000. 

1853. Watt and Burgess patented in England a 
mode of producing paper from wood. The wood was 
first reduced to shavings or fine cuttings. They took 
out a patent for the same in the United States in the 
following year. 

1853. Brown & Mcintosh, of Aberdeen, invented 
hollow 'moulds, composed of perforated metal, wire, 
or other suitable material, covered with felt, within 
which, after their immersion in pulp, a partial vacuum 
is created, so as to cause the pulp to adhere or be 
deposited on the felt surface in a layer of uniform 
thickness. 

1853. B- ^' Lavender and Henry Lowe, of Bal- 
timore, Md., produced samples of paper from southern 



1 3© Chronology of the Origin and 

canes, and from white pine shavings. They were 
sanguine that with proper apparatus, paper could be 
made of reeds, or wood, as the main staple, by their 
process, worth from I2| to i6 cents a pound, at a 
cost not exceeding 6J cents a pound. 

1853. J- P- Comly, of Dayton, Ohio, patented an 
improvement for separating paper by single sheets, 
which was finally successful, he claims. 

1853. Messrs. Coupin & Mellier of France, pro- 
duced some specimens of straw paper at the Crystal 
palace exhibition, manufactured at their mill by a 
process of their own invention, which was claimed to 
equal rag paper. 

1853. ^°^- 2^i J°^" Satterly's mill at Little Falls 
was burnt. Loss about |io,ooo ; insured for |6,ooo. 

1853. N°v. 20. The mill of John Wrinkle & Co. 
at Colebrook, Conn., was burnt. Loss about $8,000 ; 
insured for $5,000. 

1853. -^ German patented in England a machine 
for manufacturing paper from wood. It planed and 
cut the wood into small particles and shavings pre- 
paratory to being acted upon by the engine. The 
inventor stated that paper was manufactured in the 
cheapest manner from fir, pine and willow trees. 

1853. ^* '^^iff obtained a patent in England for 
forming paper by using lime water in place of the 
ordinary alkaline solution, in making paper of straw, 
grass, and other materials. 

1853. '^he importation of paper into France did 
not exceed 337,104 pounds ; the exports were 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 131 

17,053,667 pounds. This gave 16,716,553 excess 
of exports. Deduct this amount from 156,800,000 
pounds, the quantity manufactured, and we have left 
for consumption, 140,083,447 pounds, or 3.89 pounds 
per capita of the population. 

1853. The value of paper imported into the city 
of New York was computed to amount to $340,824. 
By another account it was stated to consist of 3,418 
packages, valued at $860,628. 

1854. Samuel Nolan and Prof. Antisel announced 
the invention of a new paper making machine, for the 
purpose of working a new material into paper, which 
should greatly reduce the high price to which paper 
had arisen. 

1854. A practical chemist exhibited in New York 
specimens of paper made entirely of straw, and others 
of grass, of a superior quality, which he asserted that 
he could produce for about half the cost of rag paper. 
He claimed the knowledge of a process for depriving 
straw of its silex, and other properties detrimental to 
the strength, opacity and pliability requisite in paper 
for general use. 

1854. The consumption of rags in the manufacture 
of paper in Great Britain, by 380 mills, was about 20 1 
million pounds, an increase of about one-half in twenty 
years. The quantity of paper produced therefrom 
was stated at 177,890,000 lbs. of which 161,700,000 
lbs. were consumed, and 16,112,000 lbs. exported. 
In France the consumption of 235,200,000 lbs. of 
rags was supposed to produce 156,300,000 lbs. of 



132 Chronology of the Origin and 

paper. The consumption of rags in the United States 
was assumed to be 405,000,000 lbs., and the weight 
of paper made, 270,000,000 lbs. 

1854. It was stated on the authority of the Dema- 
rara Royal Gazette^ that paper of a good quality had 
been successfully manufactured in that region from 
the plantain. 

1854. Mons. Vivien, of Paris, attempted to con- 
vert leaves into a paper suitable for wrapping. The 
leaves were collected at a suitable season, and cut 
into small pieces and pressed into a kind of cake, 
which was afterwards steeped in lime water and re- 
duced to pulp in the ordinary manner. 

1854. The quantity of rags annually consumed in 
Great Britain and France combined was computed at 
436,800,000 pounds, producing 291,200,000 pounds 
of paper, which was 4.55 pounds per capita; while 
the ^^r capita of the United States was 10.80. 

1854. The entire body of paper makers in Holland, 
more than 160 in number, petitioned the government 
against the free export of rags, which they alleged 
would destroy their business, the neighboring states 
having prohibited such exports or charged them with 
high duties. 

1854. M. Kelin, of Belgium, invented a process 
for converting straw into paper, which differed from 
any other in use. The straw was steeped in water 
sixty hours, when the liquid was run off and the straw 
washed with a plentiful supply of water. It was then 
flattened by being passed between two rollers while 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 133 

in a damp state, and afterwards cut into fibres of 
suitable length, and exposed to the sun's rays, until 
sufficiently bleached. It was now submitted to another 
steeping process, of three or four days, and subjected 
to the action of a solution of hyper-chloride of potash 
or soda until the straw acquired a sufficient degree of 
whiteness, when it was put into the engine. 

1854. T. G.Taylor patented a mode of manufactur- 
ing paper from the stalks of the hop plant, in England. 

1854. John Evans also obtained a patent in the 
same country for a new manufacture of paper from 
Brazilian grass ; and John Jeyes for the manufacture 
of paper from twitch or couch grass. 

1854. S. G. Levis, of Delaware county, Penn., 
patented an improvement in the mode of making 
thick paper. 

1854. E. Maniere obtained a patent in England for 
fire-proof paper. The invention consisted in applying 
asbestos to the manufacture of paper. The asbestos 
was rendered very fine and pulpy, and was mixed with 
the pulp of rags. 

1854. Messrs. John Richmond and Ephraim Cush- 
man, of Amherst, Mass., patented an improvement for 
drying thick paper. " We claim drying thick paper, 
and at the same time preventing it from warping out 
of shape, to wit, by placing the sheets in a pulpy state 
upon heated tables cr platforms, and allowing them to 
remain until they harden to such a degree as to begin 
to warp out of shape, and then causing open or lattice 
weights to be let down upon them, which rest upon 



134 Chronology of the Origin and 

their edges or points at different parts of the sheets, 
and preserve them in flat positions until entirely dry." 
— a Gen.^ 339. 

1854. E. L. Perkins, of Roxbury, Mass., obtained 
a patent for an improvement in polishing paper. 

1854. A French paper maker experimented with 
wood in the manufacture of paper. Having taken off 
the bark, the w^ood was cut into shavings, and the 
shavings, which were very thin, were placed in water 
six or eight days ; then dried ; then reduced to the 
finest powder possible. This was mixed with rag 
pulp and subjected to the ordinary process. All vi^hite 
woods, such as poplar, lime, and willow, were deemed 
suitable. 

1854. A French paper maker exhibited at the 
World's fair in New York, specimens of paper made 
of straw, which for whiteness, strength and beauty of 
finish appeared to be nearly equal to rag paper. It 
was manufactured by Coupler & Mellier, who patented 
the process in this country. Their success was su- 
perior to any of the 150 inventors who had patented as 
many different processes in England and France alone. 

1854. The Ledger^ a Philadelphia daily paper, hav- 
ing a very large circulation, perhaps 20,000 or 30,000 
a day, was printed on paper made principally of straw, 
costing 9 cents a pound. It was a very inferior quality 
for the purpose. It was manufactured by Fienour & 
Nixon, at Manayunk, by what was denominated 
Mellier's process, by which, it was claimed, paper 
could be made of almost any vegetable fibrous substance. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 135 

1854. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain, chargeable with excise duty, was 179,896,222 
pounds, being an increase of more than a hundred 
million pounds, in twenty years. Of this quantity 
the exports were 16,1 12,020 pounds. The estimated 
value of the paper manufactured was X2, 000,000 ster- 
ling. [See 1853.] 

185-!^? There were 6 paper mills in North Carolina, 
consuming over 3,000,000 pounds of stock. 

1854. There- were 750 [450 ?] paper mills in the 
United States, in active operation, having 3,000 en- 
gines, and producing annually about 250 million pounds 
of paper, averaging about 10 cents a pound. This 
required 405 million pounds of rags, costing 4 cents 
a pound, for which our seamen had to scour every 
quarter of the globe. The cost of labor was estimated 
at if cents a pound ; the cost of labor and stock united 
would be nearly twenty millions of dollars. The total 
cost of manufactuting $27,000,000 worth of paper 
was supposed to be $23,625,000. The demand, how- 
ever, still exceeded the supply, so that the price was 
advanced 2^ cents a pound. 

1854. The annual consumption of rags in Great 
Britain was computed to exceed 120,000 tons, three- 
fourths of which were imported, principally from Italy 
and Germany. 

1854. The imports of paper and its manufactures 
into the United States during the year ending June 
30, amounted to $757,829. 

1854. The prices of rags in England were : 



136 Chronology of the Origin and 

1st quality, 32^* to 341. per cwt. 
2d " 2.0s. " 

3d " 15J. " 

4th " lOJ. " 

1854. Tuscan rags used formerly to be sent wholly 
to the United States. The quantity shipped at this 
time was from 10,000 to 12,000 tons a year. Sub- 
sequently a portion of her exports went to England. 

1854. The demand for paper in England affected 
the market in Jamaica so much that the two principal 
journals were compelled to reduce the size of their 
papers. 

1854. The rise in the price of paper, i\ cents a 
pound, obliged the publishers of cheap papers to in- 
crease their prices or reduce their sizes. Complaints 
of the price and scarcity of paper were universal. The 
New York Tribune was forced to go back to its former 
size. The 'Journal of Commerce said that it paid from 
forty to fifty thousand dollars a year for paper. The 
New York Times said that their bill for paper was sixty 
thousand dollars. The Daily Evening Register of 
Philadelphia was discontinued on account of the high 
price of paper. The j^ww, the oldest of the penny papers, 
was also reduced in size. Others put up their prices. 

1854. George W. Beardslee, of Albany, made ex- 
periments with basswood, which resulted in obtaining 
a beautiful paper ; the woody fibre was reduced to a 
pulp of fine whiteness, and the paper was soft and 
strong, but it was supposed to contain a large per 
centage of rags. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 137 

1854. A paper manufacturer in Otsego county, 
N. Y., patented a mode of working the fibrous parts 
of swingle tow into paper, in such a way as to produce 
a firm and very white article ; yet so specious did it 
appear, that the editor of the Albany Argus was led to 
suggest the possibility that the tree of knowledge might 
have been a basswood ! 

1854. By the reciprocity treaty with Great Britain, 
rags, the growth of the British North American colo- 
nies or of the United States, were to be admitted into 
each country, respectively, free of duty. 

1854. R. & J. C. Martin secured a patent in Eng- 
land for obtaining a pulp from wood, by first saturating 
with water, planks and other pieces of wood, then 
subjecting their surfaces to a toothed cylinder, or other 
instrument having teeth resembling a saw or rasp ; by 
which the wood was reduced to a suitable pulp. 

1 854. A patent was granted to Alexander Brown, in 
England, for the production of paper from the bracken, 
or fern plants, of Scotland. Every part of the plant 
possesses strong fibres, producing a powerfully coher- 
ing pulp, requiring little or no sizing. 

1854. James Sinclair patented in England the dis- 
covery of the use of thistles in the manufacture of 
paper, which had been known and experimented upon 
nearly a century. 

1854. C. Hill manufactured paper in England from 
the stem and roots of horseradish, the rush and flag, 
and the vegetable remains of manures, which were 
bleached and reduced to pulp by the usual modes. 
12 



138 Chronology of the Origin and 

1854. The exports of paper and stationery from the 
United States is said to have been $187,325, and of 
books and maps, $191,843. 

1854. J. Lallemand, of Besan^on, France, patented 
a mode of making paper from peat. 

1 854. The quantity of rags imported into the United 
States this year was 32,615,753 pounds, of which 
24,240,999 pounds came from Italy. The total value 
of them was $1,010,443, ^^ 3-°9 cents a pound. 

1 854. Obadiah Marland, of Boston, Mass., obtained 
a patent for an improvement in paper rnaking machines. 

1854. Herr von Parmewitz, inventor of a process 
of making wool from pine trees, presented to the king 
of Prussia specimens of paper made of the same mate- 
r al. Paper was also made of the red pine at Giers- 
dorf, which was said to be so white and good as to be 
fit for writing or drawing, and needed no sizing because 
of its resinous quality. 

1854. Woodward and Bartlett, of Massachusetts, 
patented an improvement in the machines for cutting 
rags. 

1855. A specimen of paper manufactured from the 
common cane, the bamboo of the Mississippi river, 
was exhibited at St. Louis, and highly approved of. 

1855. Watt & Burgess, of London, made elaborate 
experiments for the conversion of woody fibre into 
pulp. The wood was first boiled in caustic soda ley, 
and washed free from alkalies ; it was then subjected 
to the action of chlorine, or an oxygenated compound 
of chlorine, and again washed to remove the hydro- 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 139 

chloric acid, when the wood was again treated with 
caustic soda ley, and became immediately reduced to 
pulp ; which being well washed and bleached was 
ready to be manufactured into paper. Paper of this 
material, it was claimed, would cost only ,£24 a ton, 
but if made of rags would cost ,£40. 

1855^ Henry Fourdrinier, surviving partner of the 
great firm engaged in the paper manufacture, in Eng- 
land, died, aged 90. The Messrs. Fourdrinier ex- 
hausted a vast fortune in perfecting the paper machine 
which bears their name, and died in poverty. 

1855. The export duty on rags was abolished ini 
England. 

1855. J. N. Nevin, of Scotland, succeeded in fab- 
ricating rope and paper from the common garden 
holyhock. It had the appearance and texture of such 
paper as was used for bags and parcels by grocers, 
and was very clean and firm. 

1855. A French paper-hanger was engaged in pro- 
ducing a design requiring upwards of three thousand 
blocks, at a cost of $10,000, the design alone costing 
$6,000. 

1855. March 6. Daniel Joseph Patrick Hen- 
nessy died at Brussells aged 74 ; proprietor of the 
extensive paper mills at La Huepe in Brabant. He 
introduced improvements which completely changed 
the mode of manufacturing paper in that country, for 
which he received at various industrial exhibitions 
the gold medals awarded on such occasions. He 
claimed descent from the Irish kings, and his im- 



140 Chronology of the Origin and 

mediate ancestors were Jacobin emigrants. — 'Jour, 
de l' Imprimerie Belgique, part xii, feuilleton. 

1855. The London Economist asserted that, so great 
was the consumption of paper by the reading and 
writing population of Great Britain, rags could not be 
procured in sufficient quantity to meet the demand. 

1855. '^^^ paper mill belonging to Messrs. Parker, 
at Westville, New Haven, Conn., was destroyed by fire. 

1855. The paper mill of B. B. Bradley, at Niagara 
Falls, was destroyed by fire. 

1855. James N. Kellogg, foreman of Dupont's 
paper mill at Louisville, Ky., made experiments in 
manufacturing paper from undressed flax. 

1855. The Saratoga Whig was printed on paper 
made principally of straw by Messrs. Buchanan & 
Kilmer at Rock city. These manufacturers employed 
a French process of bleaching, and were successful 
in making printing and writing paper of good quality 
from three-fourths straw. 

1855. The consumption of paper by The Times of 
London, was nearly 9 tons a day ; a quantity which, 
the sheets being laid open and piled upon each other, 
would rise to the height of fifty feet ; so that the 
supply for eight days would exactly equal the height 
of St. Paul's Cathedral. 

1855. The rise of one-halfpenny a pound in the 
price of paper in England affected the public journals 
so much, that the loss thereby sustained by The Times 
alone, was upwards of $10,000 per annum, inducing 
the proprietors of that journal to offer a reward of 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 141 

<£i,ooo for the discovery of a new and readily available 
material for paper stock. 

1855. An Englishman by the name of Watts 
patented a mode of producing paper from wood shav- 
ings and bran, which he expected would take the 
premium offered by the proprietors of The Times for 
the diseovery of a new material for the production of 
paper. 

1855. The extensive paper mill of Gaunt & Der- 
rickson, at Trenton, N. J., was almost totally destroyed 
by fire. The loss was estimated at $150,000. The 
mill was in full operation when the fire broke out. 
It was insured for $52,000. 

1855. A paper mill which had stood twenty years 
at Essex, Vt., was destroyed by fire, with its contents ; 

loss $12,000. 

1855. Hugh Burgess of Roger's Ford, on the 
Schuylkill, introduced a process of reducing poplar 
wood to paper pulp by boiling it in caustic soda 
under pressure. The process of A. C. Mellier for 
the preparation of straw, combined with the above, 
became the property of the American Wood Paper 
Company, and was successfully used in the treatment 
of poplar for paper stock j " the crossing fibres of pop- 
lar, held together by an albuminous mastic," were 
dissolved by the united processes of the above patentees. 

1855. It is stated in the New York Paper-Makers' 
Circular^ that the number of mills in operation in 
Austria at this time, was 535, giving employment to 
12,000 workmen; and that there were 165 mills ir 



142 Chronology of the Origin and 

the various kingdoms and duchies constituting the 
ZoUverein states of Germany. But as this is less than 
half the number in operation ten years earlier, there 
would seem to be some mistake, or the machines had 
greatly diminished the number of hand-mills. 

1855. M. D. Whipple, of Charlestown, Mass., 
obtained a patent for preparing wood for paper-pulp. 

1855. George W, Beardslee having made satisfac- 
tory experiments for the conversion of woody sub- 
stances into paper, commenced the erection of a mill 
at Little Falls, N. Y., for the purpose of manufac- 
turing paper of bass-wood and other ligneous sub- 
stances, under the auspices of a joint stock company. 
The enterprise was unsuccessful. 

1855. S. R. Andries, of Chamblee, Canada, ex- 
hibited paper made of gnaphalie^ or life everlasting, 
which he claimed could be produced cheaper than 
any other substance for the purpose of being manu- 
factured into paper. 

1855. Horace W. Peaslee, of Maiden Bridge, ob- 
tained a patent for a machine for washing paper stock. 

1855. G. E. Simon obtained a patent in England 
for a mode of manufacturing paper from plants of the 
diiFerent species of the family sparganium. 

1855. G. Martonoi patented in England a pecuHar 
process for producing paper from seaweed. 

1855. Egyptian rags did not make appearance in 
this country until the present year, when a cargo of 
1215 bales arrived, and were purchased by J. Priestley 
& Co. at 4 and 3f cents a pound on six and eight 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 143 

months' time. The bill amounted to $25,000. — 
Paper Trade Reporter. 

1855. W. Barabee undertook the introducion of 
perfumes into the pulp of paper, which he thought of 
sufficient importance to secure by a patent, in England. 

1855. The drawback on paper used in printing 
Bibles and Prayer Books in England, was ^69,958 ; 
in Scotland, ^2,088. 

1855. The United States imported 40,013,516 
pounds of rags, of which 23,948,612 came from Italy. 
The value of these rags was $1,235,151, or very 
nearly 3.06 cents a pound. 

1855. Richard Herring published a work, in Lon- 
don, on ancient and modern paper and paper making, 
with 25 specimens of paper, and on engraving of the 
paper making machine. 

1855. Henry Glynn, of Baltimore, Md., obtained 
a patent for an improvement in the manfacture of 
paper pulp. 

1855. Improvements in machinery and mode of 
manufacture, and the application of steam, had reduced 
the number of mills in Great Britain and Ireland to 
380, or nearly one-half, in twenty years j while the 
quantity of rags annually consumed had risen to 
201,600,000 pounds, or over a hundred per cent. 

1855. Louis Koch, of New York city, patented an 
improvement in manufacturing paper pulp. 

1855. Charles H. Hall, of Portland, Maine, made 
experiments with barks of trees, and succeeded 
in producing wrapping paper advantageously. He 



144 Chronology of the Origin and 

fitted up a mill at Waterville for the purpose of manu- 
facturing on a large scale. 

1855. Kayaderosseros paper mill, near Ballston 
Spa, N. Y,, erected in 1854, was stopped. It was 
designed for the manufacture of hanging paper, and 
had four engines of 500 pounds capacity, one of Gavit's 
72 inch machines, revolving iron bleach, and all the 
modern machinery for staining, printing, and decorating 
in the highest style of the art, costing about $85,000. 

1855. The paper mill of C. & O. Clark, at Wood- 
ville, Jefferson county, N. Y., four engines, was 
burnt; loss $12,000. It was rebuilt the next year, 
and furnished with four large engines, and a 62 inch 
machine, and turned out one ton of print a day. 

1856. The New York Mercantile Library received 
a unique work on paper manufactures, prepared by 
T. H. Saunders, of London, for the Paris exposition. 
It contains a history of this department of industry, 
followed by specimens of the different varieties of 
hand and machine made paper, and of papers destined 
to special uses, as bank notes, checks, photographs. 
It is estimated that the work could not have cost less 
than a thousand dollars. 

1856. The consumption of paper in the United 
States was computed to equal that of England and 
France together. Thus in France, with 35 millions of 
inhabitants, only 70,000 tons of paper were produced 
in a year, of which one-seventh was for exportation. 
In Great Britain, with 28,000,000 of inhabitants, only 
66,000 tons were produced. While in the United 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 145 

States, young and but little advanced in manufactures, 
200,000 tons were annually manufactured. 

1856. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore county, Maryland, 
made an experiment with southern cane, and produced 
a creditable specimen of paper, which was used in 
printing the Baltimore County Advocate.' His mill was 
employed exclusively in manufacturing wrapping paper. 

1856. The sum of ,£9,094 was paid in England for 
drawback of duty on paper used in printing Bibles, 
Testaments and Prayer Books, and <£i, 200 in Scotland. 

1856. The mills of the Chelsea manufacturing 
company at Norwich, Ct., were producing 7 tons of 
paper daily ; and the Pacific mills at Windsor Locks 
were supposed to be unsurpassed in their capacity by 
any mills in the world. 

1856. The extensive paper mills of Piersse & 
Brooks, at Windsor Locks, Conn., were burnt, in- 
volving a loss of $75,000, two-thirds of which was 
insured. 

1856. Edward Grantless, a marble cutter, of Glas- 
gow, obtained a patent for a mode of making paper 
of stone ! 

1856. It was claimed that an excellent pulp for 
paper was obtained by subjecting to a newly invented 
process, the Scotch fern plant, the stems, stalks, and 
even the roots of which possessed a strong fibre, which 
was found to be pecuHarly adapted to the manufacture 
of a powerfully cohering paper pulp ; that the plants 
might be used either green or dry, but the latter was 
preferable. 

13 



146 Chronology of the Origin and 

1856. Paper for wrapping purposes was made at a 
mill near Hagarstown, Md., from refuse leather scrap- 
ings about currier's shops. 

1856. March 5. The mill of Leonard Whitney 
& Son, at Watertown, Mass., was burnt. Loss 
$12,000, half of which amount was insured. 

1856. It was estimated that if all the paper con- 
sumed in one year by the newspapers in the city of 
New York was put upon wagons, containing two 
tons each, they would form a procession thirty miles 
in length, requiring 6,000 wagons. 

1856. Lasare Ochs, of Belgium, patented a mode 
of obtaining paper from cuttings, waste, and scraps of 
tanned leather. The scraps were placed in sieves on 
the ends of arms or spokes on a wheel, and then made 
to revolve in a stream of water ; which operation, if 
continued long enough, washed out the tannin from 
the leather. After this about twenty per cent of old 
hemp rope was mixed and the whole cut up and re- 
duced to pulp, from which a coarse wrapping was the 
result. A fair quality of paper was also obtained by 
the usual process, it was claimed. 

1856. Wm. Clark, of Dayton, O., patented im- 
provements in making paper of the bark of the cotton 
stalk. Instead of using lime or other alkalies, he boiled 
coal tar with the material used, in a peculiar manner. 

1856. Horace W. Peaslee, of Maiden Bridge, 
N. Y., obtained a patent for a drying cylinder. He 
employed a spiral tubular heater, upon a nonconduct- 
ing cylinder, in combination with an exterior metallic 
casing; as set forth. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 147 

1856. The amount of paper imported into France 
during this and the two preceding years, was 23,000 
tons, having a value of about $7,500,000. The 
amount exported was 1 14 tons, valued at $200,000. 

1856. P. H. Wait, of Sandy Hill, N. Y., patented 
an improvement in felt guides. 

1856. Francis Burke, of Montserrat, West Indies, 
invented a mode of preparing paper pulp from the 
fibres of endogenous plants, without having recourse 
to the process of separating the fibrous matter from 
the component parts of vegetable substances, which 
is described in Wells's Annual of Scientific Discovery 
for 1857, p. 89. 

1856. Pierre J. Davis, of Paris, patented an im- 
provement in bleaching paper, which is described in 
the same work as the above. Also, H. Hodgkins 
of Belfast, Ireland. 

1856. M. Didot, of Paris, patented a new method 
of bleaching paper-pulp. He immersed the pulp in a 
solution of bleaching liquor, made by saturating chlo- 
ride of lime in water, and using the clear liquor, and 
then passed carbonic acid gas through it. 

1856. Cowley & Sullivan, of England, patented a 
mode of bleaching straw pulp. The liquor (chlorine) 
is \\ to 2° in Twaddle's hygrometer, in strength ; 
but a lower strength will not bleach the pulp, and a 
stronger liquor will injure it, and not produce so good 
a color. While the straw is undergoing bleaching, it 
is carefully watched, and as soon as it assumes a red- 
ish color, just merging on 'the white, a jet of steam 



148 - Chronology of the Origin and 

is cautiously let on and continued two hours, until the 
liquor has attained a blood heat, or 90°, which is kept 
up about two hours longer, when the straw will be 
completely bleached, and fit for the beating engine. 
Unless the steam is gradually introduced, the color 
will not be good. 

1856; Vespasian O. Balcom, of Bedford, Mass- 
achusetts, obtained a patent for an improvement in 
grinding paper stock, which consisted of a revolving 
pulp-tub, in combination with a grooved grinding 
roller, revolved thereon at a greater or different speed 
than the tub. 

1856. Joseph Kingsland, Jr., of Franklin, N. J., 
patented an improvement in the engine for grinding 
pulp — a process of reducing fibrous matter in water 
to pulp, by grinding it under hydraulic pressure, which 
creates a current that feeds the fibres into the grinder, 
and removes it therefrom as fast as it is sufficiently 
reduced, and renders the feeding independent of the 
grinding. 

1856.' The straw paper mill of John R. Hoes, at 
Stuyvesant Falls, Columbia county, New York, was 
destroyed by fire, with all the stock and machinery. 
The loss was $8,000, there being no insurance upon 
any part of it. 

1856. The Overland Ma'il^ published at Hong 
Kong, China, was printed on stout and heavy paper, 
of fine texture, made from the shavings of bamboo. 
1856. There v^ere twenty paper mills with seventy- 
five engines in the town of Lee, Mass. These con- 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, 149 

sumed 1,100,000 pounds of rags annually, and gave 
employment to 1,000 people ; the quantity of paper 
manufactured was 780,000 reams, worth $1,300,000. 
Much of this was a cheap writing paper. 

1856. July 31. The paper mill of G. W. Ingalls, 
at Ballston Spa, was destroyed by fire. Loss $20,000 ; 
insured $12,000. 

1856. Israel Kinsey, of Hohokus, N. J., patented 
an improvement in feeding pulp to machines. 

1856. William Clark, of Dayton, Ohio, patented 
a mode of making paper from straw. 

1856. An English manufacturer produced paste- 
board from beet roots. 

1856. Dr. Terry, of Detroit, experimented upon 
a species of moss obtained in the Lake Superior 
region, and obtained a beautiful white papier, without 
any peculiar process. The moss existed in great 
quantities, on Isle Royal and other localities, and 
could be procured at a very moderate cost. 

1856. An unusual freshet occurred in the Kaya- 
derosseras river, by which the paper mills situated 
upon it suffered to great extent by the loss of their 
dams or damage to the mills and machinery. 

1856. The Syracuse Standard boasted that its issue 
was printed on paper made of rags imported directly 
from the land of the Pharaohs, on the banks of the 
Nile. These were said to have been stripped from 
the mummies. 

1856. M. Maurice Diamont, of Bohemia, laid 
before the minister of finance a project relative to the 



150 Chronology of the Origin and 

manufacture of paper from maize, or Turkish wheat, 
and experiments were made at the imperial manu- 
factory, which resulted in the production of various 
kinds of writing and printing paper, but at consider- 
able additional expense over rag made paper. Another 
attempt was made three years later, with better 
success; but the result was still unsatisfactory. A 
manufactory was then established at Temesvar to 
obviate the expense of transportation of the raw 
material ; but the experiments were unsuccessful. 
(See 1862.) 

1856. The quantity of exports reimported into 
Great Britain, was 50 tons. 

1857. Messrs. Laflin Brothers disposed of their 
extensive paper mill at Herkimer, New York, for 
$70,000, to the Kent Paper company, an unsuccessful 
enterprise, 

1857. ^^ ^^^ announced that a new mode of prepar- 
ing straw for white paper had been discovered, which 
was expected to become valuable. 

1857. The paper mills of Russia, 181 in number, 
gave employment to 11,730 persons, and produced 
paper to the value of $3,250,000. 

1857. Edward B. Bingham, of Brooklyn, N. Y., 
made an improvement in the cylinder machine, con- 
sisting in the employment of an endless apron, placed 
at each end of the cylinder, and close to it, and having 
a traversing motion to that of the cylinder ; the apron 
laying the pulp like a cross-lap on a web of cotton 
batting, thereby rendering the paper made by such 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, i 5 1 

machine much stronger, and of a more uniform text- 
ure. 

1857. Louis Koch, of New York city, patented 
an improvement in the manufacture of paste-board. 

1857. J* ^- Blake, of Claremont, N. H., obtained 
a patent for an improvement in making paper, which 
was designed to embrace a superior method of trim- 
ming the edges of the paper cut from the pulp, the 
proper discharging of the strips cut from it, and the 
keeping of the felt apron properly distended, to prevent 
creasing the paper, and preventing considerable waste. 

1857. J- ^- Roth, of Philadelphia, patented the 
combined application of sulphuric acid upon woody 
fibres, with that of the chlorine bleaching agents. 

1857. Patrick Clark, of Rahway, N. J., patented 
a mode of cleaning felts and cylinders with the water 
that has been separated from the pulp, thus avoiding 
the necessity of introducing for that purpose water 
from any other source, into the machine. 

1857. ^- ^ ' Sturgis, of Carlowville, Ala., patented 
a process of manufacturing pulp from the bark of the 
root and stalk of the cotton plant. 

1857. Mons. A. C. Mellier, of France, patented 
a mode of making pulp, by boiling in a solution of 
caustic soda in a temperature not less than 310° Fahr., 
after it had been soaked and cleaned, and before sub- 
mitting it to the action of a solution of chloride of 
lime ; and the use of a rotary vessel separate from that 
containing the steam heat. 

1857. ^ paper mill at Nassau, Rensselaer county, 



152 Chronology of the Origin and 

N. Y., was destroyed by fire. It belonged to A. P. 
Van Alstyne, and was uninsured. Loss estimated at 

$12,000. 

1857. ^- ^- Collyer, of Camden, N. J., claimed 
the exclusive use and employment for making paper 
and paper manufactures, in any combination or pro- 
portion whatsoever of the residue prepared, so as to 
retain and preserve the albumino-mucilaginous sub- 
stance, or in any other manner substantially the same 
as of beet-root, mangel-wurtzel, and other species of 
the genus beta, left after the sugar-making and distill- 
ing processes have extracted the saccharine matter. 

1857. ^ company was formed with a capital of 
$400, 000, for the manufacture of paper in Havana, 
Cuba. The enterprise was induced by the great 
consumption of paper in that island, and the high 
price it commanded. 

1857. '^^^ paper of the notes of the Bank of 
England was distinguished by its color — a peculiar 
white, such as was neither sold in the shops nor used 
for any other purpose ; by its thinness and trans- 
parency, qualities .which prevented any of the printed 
part of the note from being washed out by turpentine, 
or removed by the knife, without making a hole in the 
place thus practiced on ; by its characteristic feel, a 
peculiar crispness and toughness, by which those ac- 
customed to handle it distinguished the true notes 
instantly ; the wire or water-mark, which was pro- 
duced on the paper when in the state of pulp, and 
which was easily distinguished from a mark stamped 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 53 

on after the paper was completed ; the deckle edges — 
the mold contained two notes placed lengthwise, 
which were separated by a knife at a future state of 
the process — this deckle producing the peculiar 
efFect seen on the edges of uncut paper, and this 
edging being caused when the paper was in a state of 
pulp, precluded any successful imitation after the 
paper was made ; also by the strength of the paper, 
which was made from new cotton and linen. In its 
waterleaf or unsized condition, a bank note would 
sustain 36 pounds 5 and when one grain of size had 
been diffused through it, it would lift 100 pounds. 

1857. L. C. Stuart took out a patent in England 
for an improvement in drying sized paper, which con- 
sisted in passing it over and between a series of oblong 
cylinders, placed one above the other, and having 
their surfaces perforated with small holes, through 
which currents of graduated heated air were forced, 
which escaped and came in contact with both sides 
of the paper after leaving the sizing vat. The series 
of cylinders and the paper between them were exposed 
to the open air, so that the vapor should be free to 
escape, and not run with the paper to be again ab- 
sorbed by them. The novelty of this improvement 
consisted solely in the perforated cylinders, as the em- 
ployment of steam-heated rollers for the same purpose 
was common in this country. 

1857. House & Co., paper manufacturers at Had- 
dam Neck, C, made experiments with ivory shavings, 
and produced a quantity of paper upon which a part 



154 Chronology of the Origin and 

of an edition of the Connecticut Courant was printed. 
The paper was said to be inferior to rag paper, but it 
was thought that it could be improved upon. The 
fact was, undoubtedly, that there was just enough 
ivory shavings used to spoil it, as has been the case 
with most of the samples produced of paper made of 
new substances in part. 

1857. William N. Clark, of Chester, Conn., ob- 
tained a patent for the use of ivory as stock to make 
pulp for the manufacture of paper. 

1857. -^ paper mill was burnt at Brattleboroughi 
Vt., early in September, belonging to Esty. 

1857. I^ appears by the returns of the paper tax in 
Great Britain, which is three cents a pound, that the 
whole amount of paper manufactured in that country 
during this year was 191, 000,000 pounds. 

1857. ]^^^ 19* '^^^ paper mill of James Howard 
& Co., at Manchester, near Pittsburgh, was burned 
with all its contents. It was the work of an incendiary. 
The loss was $25,000, and the insurance $10,000. 

1857. Samples of writing paper, said to be of very 
excellent quality, were exhibited at an industrial exhi- 
bition in Vienna, manufactured from the leaves of 
Indian corn. (See 1828.) 

1857. T^^ importation of rags into the United 
States was 44,582,080 pounds, valued at $1,448,125. 
Of 35,591 bales from Italian ports, more than one- 
third were linen; the rest a mixture of cotton and linen. 
About 2,000 bales were from the cities of Hamburg 
and Bremen. The exportation of rags from France 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 155 

and Rome was prohibited, and the few procured from 
Ancona were obtained by special permission upon the 
payment of large fees. The trade with Prussia and 
Germany was also prohibited by the high export duty. 
The exports from Alexandria and Smyrna were chiefly 
collected in Asia Minor by agents having license from 
the government, and could only be shipped after the 
domestic demand was supplied. In Trieste also, only 
the surplus was allowed to come away. The Trieste 
rags were collected all over Hungary. The largest 
shipping port was Leghorn. New York and Boston 
were the largest receiving ports. 

1857. June. All the old books, papers, drafts, 
checks, letters which had been preserved in the United 
States Bank, in the long course of its immense busi- 
ness, were sold at Philadelphia to a paper maker, to 
be worked over into blank paper. The whole mass 
weighed over forty tons. Ten tons of it consisted of 
autograph letters of the first statesmen, politicans and 
financiers of this and other countries. 

1857. ^' -^- Gaine, of England, invented and 
patented parchment paper. He discovered that when 
paper is exposed to a mixture of two parts of concen- 
trated sulphuric acid and one part of water for no 
longer time than is required to draw it through the 
fluid, it is immediately converted into a strong, skin- 
like material. It must be instantly washed with 
water. ^ 



' It has been found that common unsized paper, if immersed in a 
solution of sulphuric acid — three parts of water to one of acid — and 



156 Chronology of the Origin and 

1857. James Brown patented in England a mode 
of treating paper and paper material with glycerine, 
for printing and other purposes. 

1 858. Feb. 24. The paper mill at North Benning- 
ton, Vt., was burnt, with all the stock and machinery, 
involving a loss of $30,000, of which only $6,000 was 
insured. It was owned by Houghton & Graves. 

1858, Mr. Barry, manufacturer of a substitute for 
paper from animal substances, was prosecuted by the 
crown, in England, for not having taken out a paper 
maker's license, and for not submitting his works to 
the usual discipline of the excise. The defendant 
contended that the article in question, being manufac- 
tured from hides, was parchment, and not paper. It 
so much resembled parchment, that a good many 
acquainted with such fabrics could not discover the 
difference. The court decided that the article being 
in the nature of paper, was paper within the meaning 

suffered to remain there three minutes, becomes, when taken out and 
well washed in cold water, almost exactly like parchment. It shrinks 
somewhat, but it is increased fully eight fold in strength, while no 
change in its weight takes place. A number of scientific men in this 
city, professional and amateur, have been experimenting on it, and with 
the most astonishing results. It has been brought before the Academy of 
Natural Sciences and the Franklin Institute, and the accomplished gentle- 
men of those institutions confess that they are wholly unable to account 
for the change that is produced in the paper by this very simple process. 
The only thing known is that the change takes place, and that the 
commonest kind of paper acquires all the properties of parchment. 
There must be care taken in its preparation, and the paper, before 
drying, must be ironed, or calendered ; but nothing else is necessary. — 
Philadelphia Bulletin 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 157 

of the act, and the jury finding for the crown, the 
damages were put at <£ioo. 

1858. Thomas Bonsor Crompton, the English 
paper manufacturer, died, at the age of 66, leaving a 
very large fortune. Besides the Farnworth Paper 
Mills, he became the proprietor of the extensive 
manufactory at Worthington ; supplied the principal 
newspapers and merchants of" London with paper ; 
invented the continuous drying apparatus now in 
general use ; was also an extensive manufacturer of 
cotton, and for some time the proprietor of the Morn- 
ing Post^ and other newspapers. Indefatigable in 
business, he was at the same time an ardent sports- 
man, public-spirited, a conservative in politics, and 
noted for his hospitality. — Jppleton^s Cyclopedia, 

1858. The oldest rag picker in Paris, died at the 
age of ninety-one. This old man, like most of his 
profession, was once rich, and his money being squan- 
dered, he fell down the ladder of society, rung by 
rung, until he reached the bottom. He was well 
educated, and his brethren of the rag tie, looked up 
to him with respect. The rag pickers reserved him a 
number of streets into which no one was allowed to 
venture on his picking excursions, and gave him a 
monthly allowance of pocket money for his gin and 
tobacco. His comrades buried him, and his funeral 
was largely attended by rag pickers. 

1858. StephenRossman,ofStuyvesant, New York, 
invented a lifting-roll to prevent the breaking or tear- 
ing of the paper as it passes from the upper of the 
14 



158 Chronology of the Origin and 

second press-rollers to the dryer. This was attained 
by passing the web of paper between the lifting-roll 
and the upper press-roll. The slight cohesion of the 
web to the roll eases it off, and prevents it breaking, 
and if a slight break should occur in the web, it pre- 
vents the edge of the break from being carried under 
the doctor, and thereby increased. It was claimed 
that it effected a great increase in the quantity of 
paper produced in a given time, by saving nearly all 
the time that is expended when breakages of the web 
occur. — Scientific American. 

1858. A patent was reissued to Ladd & Keen, as- 
signees of Watt & Burgess, of England, for a mode 
of pulping or disintegrating shavings of wood and 
other similar vegetable matter for making paper. 

1858. J. & R. McMurray, of New York, patented 
an invention, the object of which was to obtain a very 
rigid frame, that would retain its form, so as to ensure 
a perfect cylindrical wire-cloth surface — designed to 
be used in paper machines, but applicable to other 
purposes also. 

1858. S. S. Mills, of Charleston, S. C, patented a 
machine for separating the fibre from pulp in hemp 
leaves. The invention consisted in the use of a shred- 
ding cylinder, heckling device, and scutching cylinder, 
in connection with reciprocating clamps, or holders, 
arranged so that the separation of the fibrous portion 
of the leaves of hemp from the soft, pulpy portion, is 
readily effected, and in a perfect manner. 

1858. Charles Marzoni, assignor of J. Gandolfi, 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 59 

patented the use of " the peculiar stone called ada- 
mantine," as a means of tearing the woody fibre into 
a state suitable for pulp. 

1858. March 3. The paper mill of S. A. Parks & 
Co., at Ballston, was destroyed by fire at night. 

1858. March 18. The paper mill of the Westville 
Manuliacturing Company in North Amherst, Mass., 
was destroyed by fire. The building and machinery 
were insured for $4,000. 

1858. The Housatonic paper mill of Platner & 
Smith, at Lee, Mass., was burnt. Loss estimated at 
$150,000, on which there was an insurance of nearly 
$30,000. It was one of the most costly mills in New 
England, the proprietors having procured the most 
perfect machinery that could be obtained. 

1858. May 4. The paper mill of Messrs. Hanna 
& Sons, at Steubenville, Ohio, was burned. Loss 
estimated at $50,000 ; insured for $9,000. 

1858. May 24. The paper mill of Croswell & 
Son, near the village of New Baltimore, Greene 
county, N. Y., was destroyed by fire, together with 
$1,000 worth of paper. The loss was about $15,000. 

1858. At a meeting in Leipsic of the Booksellers 
and Publishers Union, it was unanimously determined 
to erect at their own cost, a paper mill, in consequence 
of the extortionate prices demanded by manufacturers, 
and the combination among them to keep it at the 
great price to which they had raised it. 

1858. Sept. 14. A paper mill at Chatham Four 
Corners with the dwelHng house and outhouses be- 



i6o Chronology of the Origin and 

longing to it were burnt, and an old man named Levy 
Garvey was with difficulty rescued from the flames. 
The mill belonged to Mr. Isaacson. 

1858. Henry Lowe stated that previous to his in- 
vention it had been found impossible, practically, to 
manufacture paper from reeds ; he now obtained a 
patent for a mode of producing reed fibre from arundi- 
nar'ia macro-sperma of Michaux, and its employment 
in the manufacture of paper. 

1858. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore, patented a mode 
of making paper from reeds, by first disintegrating the 
reeds by boiling in a solution of caustic soda, accom- 
panied by agitation, and then reducing them directly 
to pulp without reducing to half stufi^ by the machine 
technically called the old rag engine. 

1858. Sept. 20. David Carson, an eminent paper 
maker, died at Pittsfield, Mass., aged 75. He esta- 
blished himself in business 
at Dalton in 181 1, and 
during a period of thirty- 
one years obtained a wide- 
spread reputation as a 
manufacturer. He had 
retired with a competency 
in 1842. 

1858. Aug. 12. The 
paper-mill on Bath island, near Niagara Falls, was 
entirely destroyed by fire. Loss about f 100,000. 
The New York Tribune was supplied by this mill. 

1858 An effort was made to introduce the residue 




Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 6 1 

of beet root from the sugar manufactories of Europe 
for paper stock, Dr. Collyer having patented a mode 
of producing paper from that material. 

1858. Martin Nixon, of Philadelphia, patented an 
improvement in the preparation of straw for pulp, 
which consisted in applying the steam whereby the 
solution was automatically and continuously delivered 
on top of the straw ; and the process of boiling the 
whole straw by the combined action of an upward 
current of steam, and a downward current of alkaline 
solution, permeating the mass, and acting upon it in 
conjunction. 

1858. Nov. 24. The storehouse connected with 
the extensive paper mill of Tileston & Hollingsworth, 
Milton, Mass., was destroyed by fire. Loss $20,000 ; 
insured $10,000. 

1858. A water-proof packing paper was brought 
into use in England, consisting of common paper 
covered with a very thin coat of gutta percha, dis- 
solved in turpentine and put on the paper in a liquid 
form with rollers. 

1858. D. Lichtenstadt obtained a patent in England 
for making pulp for paper and other fabrics from 
leather or any kind of animal fibrine, whether in 
large or small pieces, shavings or shreds, either tanned 
or untanned. The fibrine was first cleaned by being 
mixed for about two hours in a composition of water, 
caustic lime, and potash ; then washed in cold water, 
and mixed with gypsum, or alumina, when it was 
ready for the pulping engine. When in the tanned 



1 62 Chronology of the Origin and 

state, it was treated with caustic lime or limy matter 
mixed with sal ammoniac, ammonia, or ammoniacal 
compounds, to extract the tannin, and afterwards 
washed successively in an acid liquid and water to 
remove the caustic liquor, when it was pressed and 
converted into pulp in the usual way. 

1858. Thomas Lindsay, of Westville, and William 
Geddes, of Seymour, Conn., invented a mode of vary- 
ing the width of paper while the machine was in 
operation. The invention consisted in having the lip 
or basin which conducts the pulp from the endless wire- 
apron constructed in two parts, so that one part may 
slide over the other, and having the parts connected 
with the deckles, which, as well as the deckle-straps, 
were by a novel mechanism rendered susceptible of 
lateral adjustment. 

1858. Isaac N. Crehore and Francis Stiles patented 
an improved lead plate, composed of sheet-metal knives, 
corrugated, or formed with a series of angles, or curved 
lines, through their entire length, for a rag engine ; the 
lead plate in use being objectionable from its liability 
to breakage, and the difficulty of repairing it when 
once injured or broken at any point. 
,, 1858. Oct. 3. The extensive paper mill of 
Thomas Rice, Jr., at Newton Lower Falls, Mass., 
was totally destroyed by fire ; loss nearly $15,000, 
insured. 

1858. June 30. There was a decrease of six million 
pounds in the quantity of paper charged with duty in 
Great Britain in the half year ending with this date, 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 6^ 

against 1857, ^^^ relative quantities being 99,483,635 
pounds, and 93,462,130 pounds. 

1859. P^per was so scarce in Madrid that several 
printing offices v^^ere forced to suspend business, and 
the journals pressed the government to allove foreign 
paper to be imported free, or at a greatly reduced duty. 

1859. John Meyerhofer, of the city of New York, 
claimed an improvement in making paper impervious 
to vi^ater, mixing the alkaline solution of rosin w^ith 
the pulp, and then adding vi^hat is known as English 
sulphuric acid ; and after the sheets have been formed, 
drying them in contact with heated metallic surfaces. 

1859. Morris L. Keen, of Rogers Ford, Pa., claimed 
an improvement in boilers for making pulp from wood ; 
for boiling, underpressure, wood and ligneous materials 
for making paper pulp, constructed with an expansion 
chamber, stirrers and discharge valve. 

1859. Martin Nixon, of Philadelphia, patented an 
improvement in boilers for treating paper stock : the 
boiler constructed to boil stock under a heavy pressure, 
by the combined action of an upward current of steam, 
and a downward current of hot alkaline solution, and 
admitting of the ready inversion of the boiler for the 
discharge of its contents when cooled. 

1859. Palser & Rowland, of Fort Edward, claimed 
an improvement by boiling straw or other stock for 
about four hours under a pressure of from no to 130 
pounds, in a solution of caustic alkali, of a strength 
indicating from 3!^° to 3^° R. 

1859. Falser & Howland patented improvements 
in apparatus for the manufacture of pulp. 



164 Chronology of the Origin and 

1859. ^^^ quantity of paper charged with duties 
of excise in the British kingdom, was 217,827,197 
pounds, the exports were 20,142,350 pounds. 

1859. Crocker & Marshall, of Lawrence, Massa- 
chusetts, patented a combination of internally-heated 
drying cylinders, with a steam-box for the purpose of 
continuously first thoroughly drying paper, and then 
superficially moistening it, by the direct application of 
steam prior to the operation of calendering ; second, 
the combination of steam-boxes so arranged as to 
moisten paper superficially by the steam therein con- 
tained, with rolls which calender by pressure. 

i860. F. De Compoloro, of France, obtained a 
patent for an improvement in the manufacture of pulp, 
claiming the employment of the cobs of Indian corn, 
either alone or with the husks. 

i860. The number of mills in the United States 
had increased to 555, according to the census, em- 
ploying a capital of $14,000,000, and having a total 
annual product of $21,000,000 — giving employment 
to 11,000 persons. — Paper Trade journal. It also 
appeared by the census that the United States pro- 
duced annually more paper than either Great Britain 
or France, and the annual consumption was computed 
to exceed that of both those countries together. 

i860. Jordan & Keney (in connection with Grant, 
Warren & Co.), claimed a reissue for an improvement 
in machines for grinding and sizing paper-pulp — con- 
structed of a simple conical grinder and outer shell, 
and with pipes for the introduction of the rags and 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 165 

size, and the eduction of both, arranged with reference 
to the axis and ends of the grinder, so as to enable it 
to reduce the rags to pulp and mix the sizing therewith, 
i860. The patent of Messrs. Kendall expired, which 
had been taken out in 1846, for bleaching paper pulp. 
i860. Xavier Karcheski, of New York city, 
patented an improvement in the manufacture of vege- 
table parchment ; claiming the application to certain 
parts of the paper, of starch or some other gelatinous 
substance, either plain or colored, for the purpose of 
producing a vegetable parchment, equal, or nearly so, 
in strength, to the animal parchment, and of a uniform 
transparency, with indellible water-marks, in such a 
manner that it could be used with particular advantage 
for bank bills and other paper of the same character. 
i860. The paper manufactured in Massachusetts 
amounted to nearly six millions of dollars, which was 
over 58 per cent of the product of the whole Union 
ten years earlier. 

i860. The Messrs. Smart, of Troy, N. Y., claimed 
an improvement in the manufacture of straw paper, 
which consisted in treating the fibre for making white 
paper by the successive operations of boiling, washing, 
and separating, or beating, and then applying the 
chemicals used for bleaching to the pulp. 

i860. Thomas G. Chase claimed to have made 
further improvements in rendering paper incorrodible, 
by the interposition of a mixed powder of calcined 
feldspar, sulphate of lime, with the metallic oxide of 
magnesium, calcium, and iron, between the block of 



1 66 Chronology of the Origin and 

caustic alkali coated with paraffine and rosin and the 
paraffine wrapper. He also claimed the composition 
of paraffine and rosin for the purposes described. 

i860. Howland & Falser, of Fort Edward, N. Y., 
patented an improvement in the preparation of straw 
for paper pulp. Their staple fibre^ as they termed it, 
was made from common rye or wheat straw, or other 
stalks. In preparing it, the substance was first cut 
into short lengths by machinery, and winnowed to 
remove impurities, then crushed and abraded by being 
passed between iron rollers, after which it went through 
a process of steaming, boiling, etc. 

i860. Messrs. Howland & Falser claimed a reissue ' 
for an improvement in the manufacture of paper pulp, 
jn the destruction or carbonization of the gummy, 
resinous, and other matters from which the fibre is to 
be set free, without injury to the fibre itself. 

i860. Edward L. Ferkins claimed a reissue for an 
improvement in machines for drying paper and other 
fabrics, consisting of the combination of a drying 
chamber with inlet and outlet passages for insuring a 
circulation through it, an apparatus for heating the 
same, and suitable carrying-rolls for suspending the 
fabric vertically in the drying-chamber, and for carry- 
ing it into and through the same. 

i860. This year was unusually disastrous to paper 
mills, by fire and explosions. The paper mill of Sam- 
uel Hanna, in West Fitchburg, Mass., was partially 
destroyed by fire ; loss about $2,000. The paper mill 
of Wm. Clark & Co., at Northampton, Mass., was 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 67 

destroyed by fire ; loss upwards of $40,000 ; insured 
$41,000. The paper mill of Goss & Russel at Dover 
mills, Mass., was burnt. The Greenleaf & Taylor 
paper mill was burnt at Springfield, Mass. ; loss 
$25,000, insured |i 8,000. A paper mill at Ashland, 

owned by Morse, was destroyed by fire ; there 

was an insurance of |8,ooo on the building and stock. 
The paper mill at Saccarappa, owned by Josiah F. Day, 
of Portland, was burnt : the building was about 100 
feet long and four stories high : loss estimated at 
$25,000 ; insured for $19,700. A steam boiler in the 
paper mill of Platner h Smith, at Lee, Mass., was 
destroyed by explosion. A workman was dangerously 
injured ; the damage to property was about $600. 

i860. Ephraim and John R. Cushman obtained a 
patent for an improvement in the manufacture of 
leather-paper stock ; which consisted in heating the 
stock while it was in the beating engine, and removing 
the impurities as they arose. 

i860. The rapid increase in the consumption of 
paper, especially of all kinds of book and news paper, 
during the period of a quarter of a century, was with- 
out a parallel -, yet it was almost wholly supplied by 
American manufacturers. The long established policy 
of the government, combining revenue with the en- 
couragement of home industry, had drawn a very large 
capital into this branch of business, and the production 
of paper fully kept pace with the demand. Notwith- 
standing the fact that capital and labor were so much 
cheaper in Europe than here, prices of paper ruled so 



1 68 Chronology of the Origin and 

low in this country, that under a revenue duty of 
twenty-four per cent — the rate for many years prior 
to this time — the quantity imported was never very 
large, and was pretty much confined to French writing 
papers. Competition reduced the profits below the 
average of other branches of manufacture ; the market 
also became overstocked, and prices at this time were 
reduced beyond precedent, resulting in an actual loss, 
and many mills were compelled to close business. 

i860. About sixty-five per cent of the whole 
amount of paper stock was derived from domestic rags 
of cotton fabric, and twelve per cent from cotton 
waste, and rope and bagging used in baling cotton. 

i860. Ebenezer Clemo, of Toronto, Canada, 
patented a mode of using nitric acid, the aqua fortis of 
commerce, in the conversion of straw and grasses into 
pulp ; and for a subsequent treatment with a solution 
of hydrate or carbonate of an alkali, for the purpose of 
reducing the stock to a fine fibrous pulp, without sub- 
jecting it to the beating or other mechanical operation. 
1 860. The census returns reported the consumption 
of five million dollars worth of paper, ink, &c., per 
annum, in the city of New York, producing over 
eleven million dollars worth of books, newspapers, 
&c., employing more capital than any other business. 
i860. Another plant, suitable for the manufacture 
of paper, was declared of easy growth in Algeria — 
the hibiscus esculentus^ resembling the flax plant, also 
admirably adapted for the manufacture of coarse linen. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 169 

being far stronger than cotton. Its culture was highly 
recommended in the African colonies, to replace the 
defieiency of rags, so severely felt. 

i860. A new kind of paper for making cigarettes 
was discovered, and a manufactory established in Al- 
giers for working this new invention. The paper in 
question ivas made from the refuse stalks and portions 
of the leaves which' had been hitherto thrown away 
or burnt as useless. It was calculated that the value 
of the rags from which the paper for the cigarettes 
had been usually made, amounted annually to from 
9,000,000 to 10,000,000 francs. 

i860. It was reported that England at this time 
required upwards of 120,000 tons of rags yearly, a 
large proportion of which were derived from foreign 
sources. 

i860. In all the countries of Western Europe, in- 
cluding Holland, Belgium, France, Spain and Portu- 
gal, the export of rags and other paper- making ma- 
terial was prohibited, and an artificial cheapness thus 
produced j so that rags which were 3^. per pound in 
England, cost but \\d. in France. 

i860. Joseph Storm, of Woonsocket, R. I., patent- 
ed arf improvement in paper-rag engines, or rag- 
pickers, of which an engraving is given in the Scientific 
American of March 17, i860. 

i860. A step towards the final cessation of paper 
duties in England was made by the house of com- 
mons, in the import duties of paper, as follows : 



lyo Chronology of the Origin and 



Mill-Boards, 


per cwt., - - 


^i 3 4 


<£o 16 


Pasteboard, 


do 


I 3 4 


15 


Brown paper, 


do - - 


I 3 4 


16 


Paper hangings. 


do 


I 8 


14 


Fancy papers, 


do - - 


134 


16 


Waste paper, 


do 


I 3 4 


16 



The duty which was established in the reign of 
Queen Anne, the house of commons, by a majority 
of fifty-three, resolved to repeal. 

i860. Stephen M: Allen, of Niagara Falls, N. Y., 
claimed a new mode of treating fibrous materials, 
such as flax, hemp, jute, manilla, grass, sugar-cane, 
&c., in subjecting them to the action of air charged 
with moisture of vapor. 

i860. May. The machinery for the first paper 
mill in Minnesota, arrived at the Falls of St. Anthony, 
where it was proposed to erect a manufactory. The 
consumption of paper in St. Paul was estimated at 
over fifty tons a year. 

i860. There was exhibited in England a sheet of 
tissue paper which measured four miles (21,000 feet) 
in length, and six feet and three inches in breadth, 
the weight of which was but 196 pounds. It was 
manufactured in 12 hours. 

i860. The quantity of paper supplied to the station- 
ery office in London during the year ending March 
31, was 3,601,119 pounds. The comptroller calcu- 
lated that there was a saving to government, by the 
repeal of the paper duty, of Xi2,ooo. The sales of 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 171 

waste paper during the same period, amounted to 
iib^ib% which was £1,000 more than any previous 
year. — Bookseller., May 26, i860, p. 282. 

i860. Although the trade in paper collars was yet 
in its infancy, there was manufactured in Boston 
alone, 600,000. (See 1870.) 

1860^ C. S, Bucha-nan, of Ballston Spa, patented 
an improvement in boilers for preparing paper stuff: 

1. The combination with a rotary boiler, or vessel, 
of a cylindrical strainer arranged within the boiler. 

2. In rotary boilers, provided with cylindrical and con- 
centric strainers, he claimed the construction and ar- 
rangement of ribs in the form of gutters. 3. He 
claimed providing the hollow journals of boilers con- 
structed to operate as described, by rotation with a 
tubular plug capable of being shifted on its axis, such 
plug having one or more openings at the inner end so 
arranged as to allow of their coinciding with the 
channels or ways on the boiler heads, for the dis- 
charge from the boiler of liquid or steam, or both. 

i860. J. L. Jullion, of Aberdeen, Scotland, ob- 
tained a patent in this country for an inprovement in 
the preparation of paper. He used compounds, pre- 
pared by precipitation, from watery or other solution 
of earths and acids, to consolidate and harden paper. 
2. The use of chloride or oxy-chloride of zinc with 
glutinous matter as a size for paper. 3. The use of 
any of the before-mentioned prepared inorganic bodies, 
mixed with the sizing agent, to facilitate the absorption 
of writing and printing ink. 



172 Chronology of the Origin and 

i86r. July 20. The paper mill of Hunter and 
Patton, at North Bennington, Vt., was wholly de- 
stroyed by fire. Loss $20,000; insured $18,000. 
The mill had been closed three weeks, and the fire 
was attributed to spontaneous combustion. 

1 86 1. James Piercy, of Bloomfield, N. J., patented 
an improvement in washers for pulp. 

1 86 1. J. E. Malloy, of New York city, patented an 
improvement in the preparation of fibre, claiming a pro- 
cess of separating fibre from fibre-yielding plants, 
consisting of the separate and successive steps of 
combining, rubbing and washing the plants in cold 
water ; the whole forming one continuous operation 
performed while the fibre is fresh and the plant un- 
desiccated. 

1 86 1. J. H. Patterson, of Schaghticoke, patented 
an improvement for drying pasteboards, designed to 
facilitate the curing or drying wet paper or pasteboard 
sheets, by placing them in frames. 

1861. P'eb. 13. At a meeting of paper manufacturers 
at Pittsfield, Mass., to consult upon the depressed 
condition of the trade, twenty-one of the thirty-six 
fine writing paper mills of the country, and three- 
fourths of the capital invested (some $4,000,000), 
were represented. It appeared that the production of 
fine paper had been doubled within the previous ten 
years. An association was formed for the purpose 
of securing the members from the recurrence of a 
similar glut in the market, and it was decided, that 
for three months from the first of March, the pro- 
duction should be reduced one-third. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, 1 73 

1 86 1. It was estimated that 60,000 tons of kaoline 
were used in the manufacture of paper in Europe. 

1861. Barne and Blandel, of Nantes, France, in 
the progress of experiments with wood fibre, patented 
a process based upon the action of nitric acid, which 
was made to act upon the moistened wood with ap- 
plication of heat, the resulting destruction of incrust- 
ing matters rendering the fibre soft and pliant. 

1 86 1. Joseph Jordan, Jr., of East Hartford, Conn., 
obtained a patent for an improvement in mills for 
grinding pulps by a peculiar arrangement of the knives. 

1 86 1. Experiments having been made with success 
at Baltimore, for converting the cane of the southern 
swamps into paper stock, mills were erected at Wil- 
mington, N. C, for preparing the fibre upon a large 
scale for supplying paper mills. 

1 86 1. Gelston Sanford,of New York city, patented 
an improvement in mills for grinding pulp. He con- 
structed the side of conical-shaped staves, with rough- 
ened surfaces, set alternately in reverse position, so 
that the space between them can be adjusted as set 
forth, in combination with the serrated rubbers. 

1 86 1. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore, Md., obtained a 
patent for an improvement in the process of recovering 
soda used in the manufacture of stock. He reclaimed 
the soda from the spent solution of caustic soda after 
its action upon reeds, straw, or other fibrous material, 
by charging the solution with carbonic acid gas, in 
a suitable vessel, so that the organic matter will be 
precipitated. 

15 



174 Chronology of the Origin and 

1861. Oct. I. The excise and import duty upon 
paper in England was abolished. (See London Pub- 
lishers' Circular^ October, 1861.) 

1 86 1 . Harlow Kilmer, one of the proprietors of the 
manilla paper manufacturing company, at Rock City, 
Saratoga county, slipped from the wheel and was 
caught in the cog gearing of the machinery, and his 
body cut entirely in two. He was 50 years of age. 

1 86 1. The state of Georgia having seceded from 
the United States, the Macon Telegraphy which had 
been printed upon paper manufactured in Georgia and 
South Carolina during the previous three years, was 
now printed on paper imported from Belgium. 

1861. May 29. A paper mill at Lee, Mass., 
owned by Prentice C. Baird, was burnt with all its 
contents. There was an insurance of $14,000 on it. 
1 86 1. June 11. The straw paper mill of G. Chit- 
tenden & Son, at Stockport, Columbia county, N. Y,, 
was destroyed by fire, together with 500 reams of 
paper and 300 tons of straw. Loss estimated at 
$15,000, of which $4,000 was insured. 

1 86 1. There were 15 paper mills in the seceded 
states, which produced 75,000 pounds of paper daily, 
while the consumption was over 150,000 pounds, and 
the entire suspension of newspapers was apprehended. 
1861. T. H. Dodge, of Washington, D. C, 
patented an improvement in letter paper, which con- 
sisted in tinting the whole or a portion of the blank 
side, and combining with it the official embossed 
postage stamps. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 175 

1 86 1. A. Randel, of New York city, patented an 
improvement in preparing stock, by a combination of 
differentially moving crushing rollers with the shred- 
ing cylinder and spiked concave. 

1 86 1. Straw paper, which was first made in Phila- 
delphia in 1854, of a poor quality, was now so much 
improved as to be used by one of the daily papers. 
There were two or more manufacturers in New York 
state, and one in Cincinnati. 

1 86 1. Benjamin Lambert, of England, patented an 
improvement in the treatment of printed paper to 
remove ink and recover the pulp, to render it fit to be 
remade into paper. 

1 86 1. Moritz Diamant, an Austrian, invented a 
mode of preparing pulp from corn leaves, which was 
accounted a great discovery, and was stated to have 
been " an industrial fact confirmed by success," cal- 
culated considerably to influence the price of paper. 
This discovery was not a new one ; in the eighteenth 
century the manufacture had been in operation in Italy 
with remarkable success ; but, strange to say, the 
secret was kept by the inventor, and was lost at his 
death. Many attempts since made to revive the 
manufacture, recoiled before the difficulty of remov- 
ing the silica and resinous matter contained in the 
leaves, and which obstructs the conversion of pulp into 
sheets. It was claimed that Diamant, a Jewish writing 
master, had rediscovered the process, and it was applied 
on a large scale at the imperial manufactory of Schlo- 
gelmiihle, with such success that the paper obtained 



176 Chronology of the Origin and 

left nothing to be desired in strength, homogeneity, 
polish, and whiteness ; in short, that in several re- 
spects the paper was superior to that made from rags ! 
(See Scientific American^ vol. v, 1861, p. 203.) 

1862. All the paper mills in Trenton, N. J., sus- 
pended operations because they could not get cash for 
the manufactured article, and had been heavy losers 
by the failure of consignees in the city of New York. 
The number of mills in Trenton was four. 

1862. Jan. 16. The paper mill of Messrs. Bestow 
(?) & Fairchild, at Williamsville, was destroyed by 
fire, at a loss of $20,000, partially covered by insur- 
ance. — Buffalo Express. 

1862. A. S. Lyman, of New York city, patented 
an improved process of separating the fibres of wood 
and other substances for the manufacture of pulp, by 
subjecting them in a close vessel to the combined 
simultaneous action of a whipping, beating, rubbing, 
grinding or picking apparatus, and of water at a high 
temperature and pressure, 

1862. The paper makers held a meeting at the 
Astor House in the city of New York, in the autumn 
of this year, and resolved to increase the prices of 
printing paper. The result was that paper which had 
usually been sold for nine cents a pound was gradually 
increased to twenty-two, of the ordinary news quality, 
notwithstanding a vast quantity of old paper was pro- 
cured from all quarters for stock. 

1862. The catalogue of the Austrian department 
of the London International Exhibition, drawn up in 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 177 

three languages, was printed partly on paper made 
from the stalks and husks alone of maize, or Turkish 
wheat, and partly from a mixture of maize with linen 
and cotton rags. 

1862. Feb. 15. The paper mill of Charles Van 
Benthuysen at Cohoes was burnt. He stated his loss 
at $15,900. It had been constructed in the best man- 
ner, three stories high, and was just ready to com- 
mence operations. 

1862. April 21. The paper mill of E. P. Russell, 
at Manlius, N. Y., was burnt. 

1862. James Harper, of East Haven, Conn., pat- 
ented an improvement in machinery for making paper. 
He combined, with the Fourdrinier wire-cloth apron, 
the couching belt, so arranged as to couch the paper 
from the wire-cloth by direct contact of the perforated 
cylinder, when those parts are so arranged that the 
cylinders support the wire-cloth and the couching-belt, 
respectively, directly opposite their points of contact 
with each other, and the combination with each other, 
when arranged, of the Fourdrinier wire-cloth, couch- 
ing-belt, and beater. 

1862. An association was formed among the manu- 
facturers of fine writing paper in the early part of this 
year, who met at Springfield, Mass., and raised the 
price of writing paper from thirteen and fourteen cents 
a pound to seventeen cents for flat cap, and from fif- 
teen to twenty-five cents for letter and note paper. 

1862. William McFarlane, of Glasgow, called at- 
tention to the value of the trash of the sugar cane as 



178 Chronology of the Origin and 

a material of paper, assuming that for every 2,200 
tons of it, 2,000 tons of finished pulp might be ob- 
tained. The cost in London was estimated thus : 
fuel, Xi,000 ; wages of a skillful workman one year, 
,£200 ; capital invested (c£30o), at ten per cent, X30 ; 
loss by wear and tear, X30 ; freights from Jamaica to 
London, ^7,000 ; and profits on the whole trans- 
action, Xio ! the price of 2,000 tons of pulp, ^614, 000 
in London, being X7 per ton, or less than one-half 
the price of rags. 

1862. Henry Hay ward, of Chicago, patented an 
improvement in safety paper ; claiming the described 
means of designating varieties in the value or character 
of printed sheets of paper, in which threads of fibrous 
material are incorporated into and among the pulp, as 
described, to wit, the use of threads of different colors 
or characters arranged as specified. 

1862. Oct. 6. The paper mill of D. & D. S. 
Mason & Co., at Bristol, N. H., was burnt. The 
building and machinery cost $18,000, and was insured. 

1862. June 27. Louis Piette, editor of the 'Journal 
de Fabricants des Papier^ died at Paris, aged 59. He 
published in 183 1, a treatise on paper making, which 
went through several editions, and had prepared the 
second edition of a treatise on the coloring of paper- 
pulp, which was published the year after his death, with 
229 specimens of colored paper. Although educated 
for the bar, he devoted his life with eminent success to 
the improvement in the manufacture of paper, and re- 
ceived medals in England, France, and Germany for 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 179 

specimens which he produced at industrial exhibitions 
in those countries from 1842 to 1855. 

1862. N. W. Taylor and J. W. Brightman, of 
Cleveland, Ohio, patented an improvement in ma- 
chines for drying sized paper. 

1862. Tt was stated by the London Mechanics' 
Magazine that excellent paper was now made in 
Europe from the leaves of Indian corn •, there being 
a paper mfll in operation in Switerzland, and another 
in Austria, which made paper exclusively from that 
material. 

1862. M. Kolesoff reported the aggregate yearly 
production of Russia to be of the value of 5,680,000 
rubles, the result of the labor of 12,000 workmen in 
165 mills. This would give 72.07 workmen to each 
mill — a large force. And the product would be $3 1 7.50 
to each workman, including all expenses of the mills. 
Yet all estimates of Russian manufactories give an 
equal proportion of workmen. 

1862. By act of congress the import duty on rags 
for making paper was taken off. 

1862. S. S. Crocker, of Lawrence, Mass., patented 
an improvement in machinery for cleaning pulp, by the 
combination of large and small receptacles, arranged 
to work together. 

1862. H. D. Pochin, of England, prepared an 

anhydrous rosin-soap for sizing paper, as follows : 

, take 150 parts by weight of rosin, 75 of soda ash, 

such as contains 46 per cent of alkali, and make the 

rosin-soap by beating and grinding. Then take 10 



i8o Chronology of the Origin and 

parts of such rosin-soap, and i8 of the ammoniate of 
alum, and form a solution of such a strength as may 
be required for paper of a common class. For fine 
paper, a rosin-soap was made with 165 parts of rosin, 
and 165 parts of soda ash. 

1862. The Niagara Falls Paper Mill Company re- 
ceived orders from New York to run paper on reels 
in quantities equal to about 2,000 sheets, as by an 
improvement in feeding the cylinder press, the paper 
was fed, cut, and printed, at one operation, saving the 
labor of eight men. 

1862. Nov. 21. Ordinary news paper, which sold 
early in the year at 8 cents net cash, was now 17 cents 
cash ; all writing papers were at 40 cents a pound, 
and No. i printing, 30 cents, 

1862. The war between the north and south having 
caused an enormous rise in the price of cotton, twine 
was now made of paper. 

1862. A paper mill on the Fox river, Illinois, was 
using considerable quantities of sorghum in the manu- 
facture of paper for wrapping and printing. 

1863. Henry Pemberton, of East Tarentum, Pa., 
procured a patent for a mode of manufacturing pulp 
from the stalks of the sorgo, or Chinese sugar cane 
(a plant of the genus sorghum), as a substitute for 
linen and cotton rags in the manufacture of the better 
qualities of paper. 

1863. A safety paper was invented in England, 
designed to prevent forgery or alteration of notes, or 
any paper demanding security. It consisted of a sin- 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 8 i 

gle sheet formed of several layers of pulp, superposed, 
of different nature and colors, according to require- 
ment. The middlle layer of the paper required only 
to be colored of a delible or destructible color ; the 
chemical acid employed in obliterating the writing 
would also destroy this color, and it could not again 
be restored while the paper surface remained white. 

1863. G. E. Rutledge, of Dayton, Ohio, improved 
the process of manufacture by a current in that portion 
of the fluid pulp in which the sieve-cylinder rotates, 
in the direction corresponding therewith, by which the 
periphery of the cylinder and the fluid pulp in which 
it rests are relatively at rest. 

1863. The paper makers on the North Esk, in 
Scotland, near Edinburgh, were reported to manufac- 
ture more than 1 1 million pounds of paper, and to use 
964 tons of chloride of lime for the bleaching. See 
1807. 

1863. John F. Schuyler, of Philadelphia, patented 
some new machinery for the purpose of planishing 
paper. 

1863. Dr. Aloyse Chevalier Auer de Welsbach, 
of Austria, procured a patent in this country for a 
process of obtaining and separating the textile material 
contained in the husks, leaves, and stalks of Indian 
corn, by exposing the same, together with a solution 
of lime and soda, or equivalent substances, to the 
action of hot or boiUng water, and preparing the 
material in a peculiar manner. 

1863. John F. Jones, of Rochester, N. Y., in- 
16 



1 82 Chronology of the Origin and 

vented an improvement which consisted in a certain 
construction of what are termed the cyHnder moulds, 
and the various kinds of boards produced from fibrous 
materials whereby provision is made for carrying away 
the water from their interiors through hollow journals, 
thereby dispensing with the use of packing inside of 
the vat by the substitution of stuffing boxes outside, 
thereby facilitating the repacking, and obviating much 
of the waste of stlifF which is unavoidable with inside 
packing. 

1863. Stephen M. Allen, of Woburn, Mass., 
obtained a patent for the manufacture of paper from 
wood, by cutting the wood in suitable lengths, crush- 
ing it in such a manner as to preserve the integrity of 
the fibre in its longitudinal direction, alternating steep- 
ing, and washing the same at increased temperatures, 
and finally boiling, grinding, and bleaching the same. 

1863. A company was formed, composed of pro- 
prietors of the wood-pulp patent, who purchased the 
interest of C. S. Buchanan in his patents for making 
paper of straw. 

1863. James R. McElfatrick, of Fort Wayne, 
Ind., obtained fibrous material from the bolls of the 
sycamore tree, for stock. It furnished a short staple 
of a bufF color, which was thought to be as suitable as 
any other fibre, and could be procured in unlimited 
quantities in the Western states. 

1863. A. H. Tait, of Jersey City, and W. H. 
Holbrook, of New York city, made an improvement 
in the manufacture of pulp, passing the straw between 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 183 

grinding surfaces, and treating the stock, after it has 
passed through a weak alkaline and chlorine treatment 
with or without acid, to a second application of weak 
alkali and chlorine, with or without acid. 

1863. P. A. Chadbourne, of Williamstown, Mass., 
patented a mode of manufacturing stock from wood, 
which «onsisted in rasping, filing, or scraping wood, 
while submerged in water, or saturated therewith, by 
the action or flow of a stream, whereby the fibre of 
the wood is strengthened or made sufficiently tough to 
avoid injury by the action of the rasps and other tools 
employed in the reducing of the wood, and a perfect 
separation of the individual or ultimate fibre from 
several united or connected fibres attained, and the 
rasps or other tools also kept, while in operation, in a 
perfectly clean state in proper working order. 

1863. Jonathan Faw, of Lockland, Ohio, obtained 
a patent for an improyement in the rag engine. 

1863. A new pulp-strainer was invented by Henry 
Watson, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Joseph Mill- 
bourn, of Dartford, England, 

1863. The importation of esparto grass, or alfa 
fibre, into Great Britain during this year, was about 
18,000 tons, and the use of it was estimated to have 
caused an increased consumption of 4,000 tons per 
annum of soda ash and bleaching powders. Nearly 
all the news paper used contained portions of it, and 
some of the cheaper grades consisted of only one-fourth 
rag material. 

1863. John Cowper, of England, made an im- 



184 Chronology of the Origin and 

provement in the mode of reducing rags and waste 
substances generally, by means of an endless feeder, 
upon which the material to be operated on is fed 
between a pair of fluted rollers, which deliver it to a 
rotating cylinder provided with teeth. 

1863. Congress reduced the duty on printing paper 
to three percent, at the request of the publishers, who 
asked for a total repeal of all duty. . The high price of 
exchange nullified all benefit to them of the reduction 
of the custom, 

1863. Stephen M. Allen, of Woburn, Mass., 
claimed the invention or a new article of manufacture, 
which he denominated tibrillia leather, or leather paper, 
consisting of leather scraps and vegetable fibre com- 
bined ; also, the combined leather scraps steeped in 
warm water previous to being immersed in alkaline 
solution with the unrotted and reduced fibre of flax, 
hemp, or other like vegetable fibre. 

1863. May 10. Tallman's paper mill at Ogdens- 
burgh, N. Y., was burnt. 

1863. A joint stock company with a capital of 
several hundred thousand dollars was formed, and pre- 
parations were made on a large scale for the manufac- 
ture of paper from bamboo, which grows in unlimited 
quantities in the island of Jamaica, and which, beyond 
serving to form partitions between the various ships' 
cargoes leaving that island, had never been exported, 
and was only used on the island for a few purposes. It 
now suddenly became an article of export, and the vast 
jungles of bamboo promised to become almost as 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 185 

valuable as fields of waving grain. The bamboo, after 
being taken out of the ship, was tied in bundles about 
five feet long, which were soaked in a large tank for 
about 24 hours. The bundles were then placed in five 
large steam guns, each 24 feet in length and 15 inches 
in diameter. Here for half an hour the bamboo was 
subjected to a pressure of 180 pounds of steam, which 
reduced it to such a condition, that when, upon a given 
signal, the guns are discharged by the opening of one 
of the ends, the bamboo, in the shape of a quantity of 
fibrous material, looking as much like hemp as possible, 
was thrown out. This fibrous matter was then placed 
in a tank, and soaked in a solution of spent alkali. It 
was next washed, and went into what were termed the 
egg-boilers, so called from their likeness to that useful 
article of domestic consumption. Here the matter 
was subjected to another boiling and steam pressure, 
and from thence it was conveyed to the pulp-boilers, 
where it was boiled in a strong solution of alkali at 90 
pounds pressure. 

1863. J. F. Jones, of Rochester, N. Y., improved 
the machine for making paper and. paper boards. He 
claimed : i . The arrangement and combination of two 
or more cylinder-moulds, vats, felts, and press-rolls, 
whereby, in the same machine, any desired number of 
continuous webs of pulp of indefinite length may be 
either deposited one upon another for the continuous 
manufacture of boards, or may be kept separate from 
each other for the manufacture of several continuous 
distinct sheets of paper. 2. The combination with 



i86 Chronology of the Origin and 

such a system of cylinder-moulds, vats, felts, and 
press- rolls, of a series of guide-rolls, for separating the 
several webs of pulp as they are delivered from the 
press-rolls. 3. The combination of such system of 
cylinder-moulds as herein before specified, and a con- 
tinuous series of drying cylinders and calendering rolls, 
in such manner that the manufacture of boards or of 
several webs of paper may be carried on by a continu- 
ous process. 4. The arrangement of several spouts, 
pipes, and valves, and self-acting feed-gate, in combin- 
ation with each other and with the several vats. 5. 
The save-all, composed of a vat, a cylinder-mould, a 
coucher and a scraper combined and applied in con- 
nection with one or more paper making machines. 6. 
The combination^f press-rolls, to obtain two pressures 
from three rolls. 7. The employment of calendering 
rolls on the top of drying cylinders, to equalize the 
water in the board, and make it of uniform dryness 
as it passes over the dryers, and partially effect the 
glazing and calendering process while the board is 
being dried. 

1863. G. S. Sellers, of Hardin county, Illinois, 
made an improvement in preparing woody fibre for 
paper stock, by pressure in the line or nearly so of 
the fibre. 

1863. J. B. Fuller, of Claremont,N. H., discovered 
a new mode of preparing vegetable fibre for paper. 
He claimed : i. Curing vegetable fibre in a vessel by 
means of jets of steam. 2. An open grinder, receiving 
the fibrous material directly from the curing vessel, so 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 187 

that the grinding operation is independent of that of 
the curing, but the vegetable fibre is ground while 
hot. 3. Separating the fibre from the overflow water 
by means of the sieve and brush. 4. Heating the 
interior of the grinder by the introduction of steam. 
5. A column of water rising sufficiently above the 
grinder ^o produce the hydrostatic pressure necessary 
for curing the fibrous materials to pass through the 
grinder, as specified. 6. The double volute, a spiral 
channel for cooling the cured vegetable fibre and 
imparting the heat thereof to the uncured vegetable 
material traveling in the intervening volute channels 
in the opposite direction, was composed of three lay- 
ers of diff^erent thicknesses, of which the central was 
colored with a delible or easily removable color, and 
the external layers charged with silicate of magnesia 
or other mineral or vegetable matter. 

1863. M. L. Keen, of Roger's Ford, Pa., patented 
a boiler for making pulp, provided with a perforated 
diaphragm or well ; also an arrangement of the dis- 
charge pipe and valve for the purpose of blowing out 
or discharging the contents of the boiler under pressure. 
1863. The imports of paper at the port of New 
York were $125,141, yielding a revenue of $39, 684 j 
at Boston, $306,840, yielding a revenue of $90,688 ; 
at Baltimore and Philadelphia, none ; giving a total 
revenue of $130,372. The secretary said it was im- 
possible to state how much of this was for printing 
paper, but expressed the opinion that the diminution 
of the tariff" would considerably increase the revenue. 



1 88 Chronology of the Origin and 

An eiFort was made by publishers to get the duty re- 
moved, on account of the high price of paper. 

1863. Feb. 16. The newspaper and book pub- 
lishers of Boston appeared before the legislature of 
Massachusetts to urge the importance of memorializ- 
ing congress for relief against the paper monopoly, as 
it was termed. It was shown that the cost of school 
books alone was five millions of dollars annually, and 
that this combination added twenty per cent thereto. 

1863. Jan. 14. The entire edition of the Boston 
'Journal was for the lirst time printed on paper made 
of basswood, tilta americana. The price of news- 
paper rose at one time to 32cts. a pound. 

1863. Feb. 28. The paper mill of G. & W. U. 
Moore, on the Kater kil, was destroyed by fire. Loss 
$8,000; insured $4,000. 

1863. Rags were exported from Madras this year 
to the amount of 2,022 cwts., being the first time 
that this article had appeared in the list of exports 
from that place. 

1863. Experiments were made in England with 
potatoes for the production of half-stufF, for coarse 
and fine paper, by one Sellers. 

1863. It was stated that paper was made at this 
time in large quantity from the swamp-flag, or cat-tail, 
and that the demand for it was greater than the 
supply ; that it was used for card- board, and paper- 
hangings, for which it was well adapted. 

1863. William Boaler, of Manchester, England, 
invented an improved dryer fabric for paper making ; 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 189 

which consisted in the substitution of a more suitable 
kind of cloth for the ordinary dryer felt in use for 
expelling and absorbing moisture. 

1863. Joseph Prosper Olier, of Paris, France, took 
out a patent in this country for a safety paper, which 
was composed of three layers of different thicknesses, 
of which the central was colored with a delible or easily 
removable color, and the external layers charged with 
silicate of magnesia, or other mineral or vegetable 
matter. 

1864. Philip Lichtenstadt, of New York city, pa- 
tented a process for preparing fibre from the bamboo ; 
separating and disintegrating the fibre contained in 
that article, by treating it with a solution of lime, 
nitrate of soda, and oxalic acid, and preparing the 
textile material for manufacturing purposes. He made 
experiments under disadvantages at a mill near New 
York. 

1864. The official statistics of the French customs 
exhibit the following returns for the first five months 
of three years, on paper and pasteboard : 

1862. 1863. 1864. 

6,156,000 francs. 6,993,000 fr. 8,159,000 fr. 
1864. Feb. 19. The paper manufacturers and 
paper companies of Great Britain and Ireland, 211 in 
number, representing 271 mills, petitioned parliament 
for an abatement of taxes and the exertion of the go- 
vernment for the removal of all restrictions abroad 
upon the export of all paper making materials — the 
export duties in some parts of Italy having been doubled 



1 90 Chronology of the Origin and 

in amount ; that in France and Belgium a duty of ^£5 
per ton was levied on the export of rags ; in Holland 
upwards of X4 per ton ; and more than X9 per ton in 
Prussia and the Zollverein ; while the export from 
England was free. 

1864. Feb. 21. The steam paper mill of Chauncey 
Watson, at Middleburgh, N. Y., was burnt. Loss 
$8,000 ; insured for $4,000. 

1864. Feb. 13. The boiler in Buchanan & Bul- 
lard's paper mill at Schuylerville, N. Y., exploded, and 
passed through eleven buildings, killing two persons, 
and destroying the building in which it had been used. 

1864. J. A. Roth, of Philadelphia, patented a mode 
of preparing fibrous material from corn stalks, by 
solving and abstracting the components of the stalks 
by the application of one or more water baths in a 
boiling state, over 212° Fahr. 2. The use of the 
chemical agent, after the water bath or the boiling of 
the material under treatment has been completed. 3. 
The combination of treatment or process of the fibres 
of the stalks, and also the neutralizing of substances 
still adhering to the fibres after being washed by the 
application of sulphuric acid or its equivalent. 

1864. George A. Corser, of Leicester, Mass., in- 
vented an angular bed plate for engines, for working 
Stock ; it is described as composed of two or more 
sets of angular plates, arranged in such a manner that 
the angles of the adjoining sets are inverted in relation 
to each other. 

1864. The price of news paper reached 28 cents a 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 191 

pound, and of fine book paper 45 cents a pound. A 
renewed research was made among the garrets and 
store rooms, induced by the payment of 8 cents a 
pound for waste paper. Thousands of tons of old 
books and newspapers, school and account books, 
correspondence and business papers of all sorts, were 
turned over to the mills, without lessening the price 
of white paper. 

1864. During the last thirty years calico had been 
the favorite material for book covers ; but it was so 
increased in price, owing to the war, that an enter- 
prising firm conceived the idea of forming a paper 
substance having all the strength and flexibility of 
cloth, to take its place outside of books. This sub- 
stance appears to receive gilt impressions with the 
distinctness of morocco, and as it can be washed with 
soap and water when dirty, it may be surmised that 
hereafter the phrase, " musty " literature, will fall into 
disuse. It is said that* its cost will be something like 
one-half the price of the present embossed cloth. 

1864. July 20. The extensive paper mill of 

Nixon at Manayunk, near Philadelphia, was destroyed 
by fire. Loss over f 100,000. 

1864. W. F. Ladd, of Tarrytown, and S. A. 
Walsh, of New York city, invented a boiler for 
pressing vegetable substances. In this improved ap- 
paratus the material to be reduced to pulp is to be 
treated either with or without alkali, and is at all times 
submerged in the liquor or solution employed in the 
boiling process. By an arrangement of a perforated 



192 Chronology of the Origin and 

diaphragm in the boiler the material is kept at a certain 
point while the liquor rises above it, and the heat is 
applied either by a coil of steam, or by a traveling 
furnace arranged to run back and forth under the 
boiler ; this furnace can be removed when it becomes 
necessary to stop the boiling -, the contents can then be 
discharged through a grate into any suitable receiver. 

1864. Henry F. Anthony, of New York city, in- 
vented a mode of albumenizing paper by combining 
or mixing the nitrate of ammonia directly with the 
albumenizing fluid. 

1864. John F. Jones sold the Genesee paper mills 
at the Lower falls to the Rochester Paper Company, for 
$25,000. They commenced business with a capital 
of $100,000, and contemplated an extensive business, 
including the manufacture of straw and junk board. 

1864. The exports from France of paper and paste- 
board, for the first four months of this year, were 
6,269,000 francs ; against 5,6^4,000 francs for same 
period in 1863, and 4,925,000 francs in 1862. 

1864. Richard Magee, of Philadelphia, invented a 
mode of coating writing paper, which he obtained a 
patent for as a new article of manufacture. 

1864. It was announced that an active trade vv^as 
carried on in Chester county. Pa., in poplar wood, 
designed for the manufacture of paper. The mills at 
Springfield were run by New York capitalists, and 
were extensive. The price given for the wood deli- 
vered on the line of Chester Valley Rail Road, was 
four dollars a cord. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 93 

1864. George Escor Sellers, Sellers Landing, 111., 
discovered a method of preparing disintegrated vege- 
table fibre for paper stock, by the removal or change 
in the nature of the incrusting or adhering nonfibrous 
matter by fermentation and washings, previous to 
bleaching with chlorine. 2. The use of chlorine as a 
solvent for the nonfibrous portions of vegetable sub- 
stances that have become discolored and hardened by 
heat in the process of disintegration, combined with 
boiling and hot-water washing to remove them from 
the fibre previously to bleaching. Mr. Sellers also 
patented a mode of forming, drying, and packing 
paper stock ; claiming the above described mode of 
reducing pulp to a condition for transportation, by a 
system of alternate exhaustion and compression ; also 
the use of the same mode for the combination of pulp 
or fibre and other matters of various qualities, for the 
purpose of producing boards or cards suitable for use 
in the arts. 

1864. Jacob Storer, of Portsmouth, N. H., in- 
vented a mode of preparing vegetable fibre by the use 
of steam and vapor of water for conveying alkalies 
and other chemicals. 

1864. The duty on rags exported from Russia by 
its western frontier was reduced one-half; that is, 
from 14!^ francs to ']\ francs per kilometer. 

1 864. For the accommodation of the manufacturers 
of paper in the departments, docks were established 
in Paris, to facilitate trade in their products. 

1864. W. B. Newbery, of Dorchester, Massachu- 



194 Chronology of the Origin and 

setts, patented a mode of producing paper from esparteroy 
or Spanish grass, either alone or in combination with 
manilla, jute, gunny, or other fibrous materials. 

1854. The paper makers of Great Britain rnade 
complaint of the injury which their avocation sustained 
by the recent commercial treaty with France. Mr. 
Maguire addressed the house of commons on the 
20th July, representing the grievances of the trade^ 
and demanding an investigation. The complaint was 
of the tax of 12 per cent on rags exported from 
France. Notwithstanding the tax, Great Britain im- 
ported 4,215,630 kilograms during the year preceding, 
from France. 

1864. A. K. Eaton, of New York city, patented 
a process of manufacturing paper-pulp from straw or 
other substances, r. Subjecting it to a grinding pro- 
cess, commencing in the early stages of the treatrnent 
with hot alkalies, and continuing the grinding in con- 
nection with the alkaline treatment. 2. Purifying 
the alkali held in solution in the refuse liquor by pass- 
ing it through a filter, rendering it suitable for use 
again, and completely reproducing it when necessary 
by making it into combustible cakes. 

1864. The manufacturers of straw paper in several 
departments of France met at Avignon 22d May, 
and resolved to form an association, and to establish 
a minimum price for their fabrics. They decided 
to augment their prices from i to 2 francs per 100 
kilograms (about two to four dollars per ton). The 
manufacturers of another portion of France met at 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, 195 

Avignon on the i6th June, and resolved to increase 
their prices 2 francs on thick and 4 francs on thin 
paper per 100 kil, A general meeting of the straw 
manufacturers of the empire was to be held at Paris on 
the 5th August ; and on the I ith of the same month a 
convention of the paper makers of all denominations 
was called at Paris, to consult upon affairs of trade. 

1864. The journal des Fabricants de Papier^ of 
France, calculated the annual consumption of paper 
in the world at from thirty-one to thirty-two millions 
of quintals; that the English employed annually 15 
millions ; France 5 millions ; the German states, I 
million ; Austria \ million ; and the rest of the world 
10 millions of quintals. 

1864. Lucien Bardoux, of Poitiers, France, took 
out a patent for a process of making pulp for paper 
and pasteboard, adapted to vegetable as well as animal 
substances, which had been patented in his own coun- 
try in 1 86 1. 

1865. Jan. 5th. At a meeting of Ohio newspaper 
publishers in Columbus, a committee was appointed to 
memorialize congress against a prohibitory paper tS\"ifF. 

1865. The Paper Trade "Journal announced 73 
paper mills in Sweden, employing 161 3 workmen. 
This is so much in excess of other reports, as to in- 
dicate that some of them are erroneous. 

1865. The Wood Pulp Works Company founded 
an establishment at Manayunk, Pa., having a capacity 
for producing 300 cwt. of wood pulp daily, by the 
chemical process of Watt and Burgess. 



196 Chronology of the Origin and 

'i. * 

"\^\ 1865. The following scale of prices in the city of 

New York, for January, was published in The Printer. 

Note paper, first class, - - - - 55 @ 60 per lb. 

" " good, ----- 50 @ 55 " 

" " common, - - - - 45 @ 50 " 

Letters and foolscaps, first class, - 50 @, 55 " 

" " second, - 45 @ 50 " 

" " common, - 40 @ 45 " 

Flat caps and folios, first class, - 45 @ 48 " 

" " second class, - 40 @ 44 " 

" " common, - 35 @ 40 " 

Common news, straw, etc., - - 20 @ 22 " 

Good " rag, - - - - 22 @ 25 " 

Fair white book, ------ 25 @ 28 " ^ 

Extra book, ------- 28 @ 32 " 

Sized and calendered book, - - - 30 @ 33 " 

Extra " " « . _ - 35 @ 40 " 

Manilla wrapping, - - - - - 18 @ 20 " 

1865. Feb. 2. The largepaper mill of Elizur Smith, 

at Lee, Mass., was destroyed by fire. 

1865. Congress was memorialized for a removal 

of the duty on paper, and in view of foreign paper 

being admitted free, news paper fell in price 8 cents a 

pound, contracts being made as low as 18 cents a pound. 

1865. The operation of many paper mills was 

stopped by the long continued drouth, and the price of 

fine sized and calendered printing paper was advanced 

from 35 to 40 cents a pound. 

1865. Sept. 26. The paper mill of Russell & Co., 

at Lawrence, Mass., was nearly destroyed by fire. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 197 

1865. There were seven paper mills in Ballston, 
N. Y., four of them devo':ed to printing paper, and 
three to wrapping, paper collars, and tissue paper. 
These mills averaged twenty-eight tons a day, esti- 
mated to be worth about |9,ooo. 

1865. Dec. 13. The pasteboard mills at South 
Dedh«m, Mass., owned by J. Ellis & Co., were nearly 
consumed by fire. Loss estimated at ^20,000 ; insured 
for $8,000. The mills were new, having replaced 
those burnt about eighteen months before. 

1865. A company was organized at Glen's Falls, 
N. Y., for manfacturing straw paper of an improved 
quality. 

1865. Dec. 20. The Black River paper mill, owned 
by A. J. Fullum, at Springfield, Vt., was burned : 
insurance small. 

1865. The value of the paper manufactured in 
Massachusetts this year was computed at $9,008,521. 
There were 118 paper manufactories in the state, con- 
suming 34,165 tons of stock. The capital employed 
was 13,785,300, and 3,554 workmen were employed. 

1866. Feb. 4. The St. Charles paper mill, at St. 
Charles, Illinois, the largest establishment of the kind 
in the west, was destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of 
$110,000, on which there was an insurance of $20,000. 

1866. June 16. Rowland's extensive paper mill, 
situated in Saratoga county, on the banks of the Hud- 
son river, between Mechanicsville and Stillwater, 
about one mile above the former place, was destroyed 
by fire. The loss was stated at $75,000, with no 
17 



198 Chronology of the Origin and 

insurance. There was $10,000 worth of paper in the 
mill at the time ready for shipment, but not a dollar's 
worth of it was saved. 

1866. The editor of the Bunker Hill Aurora said, 
that a few Sundays before, he heard a clergyman, in 
illustrating a point in his discourse, state that during 
the late war, a New York merchant at Alexandria, in 
Egypt, having occasion to furnish a ship with a freight 
homeward, was led, partly through fear of pirates, to 
load her with mummies from the famous Egyptian 
catacombs. On arriving here, the strange cargo was 
sold to a paper manufacturer in Connecticut, who 
threw the whole mass, the linen cerement, the bitumen 
and the poor remains of humanity, into the hopper, 
and had them ground to powder. " And," added the 
speaker, " the words I am now reading to you, are 
written on some of this paper." 

1866. March 3. The Agawam paper mill wa^ 
burnt; loss $56,000. 

1866. May 3. Howland, Falser & Co.'s paper 
mill was destroyed by fire, at Fort Edward. Loss 
$50,000; insured |i8,ooo. 

1 866. The Carew Paper Company of South Hadley 
Falls, Mass., declared a yearly dividend of 100 per 
cent, reserving a fund sufficient to build an addition 
to their mill. Their dividend of the previous year 
was 120 per cent. Their capital was merely nominal. 

1866. A gi/1 employed at sorting rags in the Colum- 
bia mill, at Lee, Mass., found four $100 bills among 
the paper stock. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 199 

1866. It was announced that the paper mills of 
Great Britain manufactured 28,500 tons of paper a 
month. 

1866. The great bamboo enterprise was thrown 
into the shade by another which was organized for 
the production of paper from poplar, and located at 
Mana3iunk, on the Schuylkill river. It had been dis- 
covered that poplar could be manufactured into paper 
in. twenty-four hours, and with so much economy that 
it could be sold so as to afford a profit at ten cents a 
pound ! Works were accordingly constructed of stone 
and brick in the most substantial manner, occupying 
a space 1,000 feet long by 350 wide, at a cost of over 
$500,000. United with the Flat Rock mills they were 
represented to embrace an area of about ten acres ; 
and were thought to be the most extensive works of 
the kind in the world, and to be capable of producing 
from ten to fifteen tons of pulp a day. It was an- 
nounced in the newspapers, which always exercise an 
unbounded liberality in figures in such cases, that the 
subscribed capital in this enterprise was upwards of 
ten millions of dollars. The grandest calculations 
were indulged in the abundant supply of poplar, with 
the aid of willow and other soft woods, nearly valueless 
for fuel ; and were to result in as great a boon to 
civilization as the steam engine and the magnetic 
telegraph ! 

1866. Jan. 6. R. Paulin's paper mill at Man- 
chester, Va., was destroyed by fire. 

1866. The price of leather was so enhanced as to 



200 Chronology of the Origin and 

stimulate efforts to produce paper of a consistence to 
form a substitute, in the manufacture of traveling 
trunks, and the success was so great that the deception 
was almost complete. (See 1830.) 

1866. The prices of the various kinds of printing 
and writing papers had increased 2t)0 per cent in five 
years, so that news paper which before the internecine 
war sold at 8 cents a pound was now 25 ; and fine 
book paper which had been furnished at 16 cents on 
six months time, was 40 cents cash. New York and 
Boston publishers resorted to European markets, at a 
saving of twenty-five per cent. The Harpers imported 
from Belgium, and Ticknor & Fields from London. 

1866. The proprietor of Lloyd's Newspaper in Lon- 
don imported 270 tons of esparto grass from Algeria 
for the manufacture of paper for that journal. It was 
claimed that the cost of this kind of paper was one- 
half that of the linen fabric. 

1866. McKerry's paper mill at Rockton, Illinois, 
was destroyed by fire. Loss f 15,000. 

1867. It was announced that L. Murray Crane, 
paper-maker in Saratoga county, N. Y., had invented 
a process of manufacturing paper which would prevent 
counterfeiting. His mode was to run minute threads 
of gutta percha through the sheet, that could not be 
imitated. 

1867. The importations of paper into France in 
this year were 296,637 kilograms ; of rags 5,136,569 
kil. The exports 4,918,520 kil. of paper ; 1,429,055 
kil. of rags. (The kilogram being the 24th part of an 
ounce.) 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, loi 

1867. There were six mills in Saratoga county, 
N. Y., manufacturing paper from straw ; using 9,000 
tons of straw per annum, costing $100,000, and pro- 
ducing about 4,500 tons of paper, 

1867. The end wall of a paper mill at Greenville, 
Conn., owned by Campbell, Hall & Co., of New 
York, jvas undermined by a freshet, and fell into the 
Shetucket river, entailing a loss of $20,000. 

1867. Feb. 20. The boiler of the Wisconsin Paper 
Company's mill exploded in Milwaukie. Four persons 
were killed and three others injured. The damage to 
the mill was estimated at $20,000. 

1867. It was announced that the following substi- 
tutes for rags in paper making were actually in use: 
abacca (manillahemp), agave of Cuba, cultivated hemp, 
white hemp of Hayti, Indian hemp, cotton, acacia, 
fibres of aloes, Spanish broom, silk__weed,_ hops, jute 
(Bengal hemp), down of date tree, flax, Chinese hemp, 
mallows, mulberry, Chinese nettle. New Zealand flax, 
esparto grass, linden, or basswood, yucca, bamboo of 
Jamaica and canes from the Carolinas. 

1867. Dec. 16. A. L. Dunwell's paper mill at 
Newark, N. J., was burnt ; loss $50,000. 

1867. The demand for paper was so great in 
France this year, that numerous new mills were 
erected. 

1867. The mills in the United States had been 
increased during the last four years nearly one-half. 
Instead of running night and day, as was the custom 
before 1861, by a combination among the trade, they 



101 Chronology of the Origin and 

kept up the price of paper by running on short time ; 
nevertheless towards the close of this year there was 
a considerable reduction in price. News paper was 
reduced from its maximum of 25 cents a pound to 16 
cents. 

1877. T. H. Saunders, a paper maker of Dartford, 
England, displayed at the Paris exhibition, samples of 
the shaded watermark of the most artistic forms, 
producing an effect almost incredible to those who 
were before familiar only with the old wire-marked 
paper. 

1867. There were at this time in France 140 
firms still engaged in the production of hand-made 
paper. 

1867. May. To counteract the downward tend- 
ency of news paper, the Saratoga mills were run upon 
half time. This quality of paper now sold at about 
16 cents, largely straw stock. 

1867. May. The paper mills at Marietta, Georgia, 
destroyed by the northern army under Sheridan, were 
now rebuilt and running under favorable auspices. 

1868. Jan. 4. The paper mill of J. G. Parker & 
Co., at Greenwich, Washington county, N. Y., was 
burnt. Loss $25,000 ; insured for $20,000. 

1 868. Complaint was made in England of the heavy 
twine and paper used by the manufacturers in wrap- 
ping, which amounted to l\ per cent of the whole sum. 

1868. Jan. 23. The mill of the Auburn Paper 
Company was destroyed by fire. It was situated 
near the city of Auburn, N. Y., and was insured for 
$16,500 ; loss $80,000. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 203 

1868. March 15. The paper mill at Waterville, 
Me!, was burned. Loss $20,000 ; insured. 

1868. Paper was now manufactured in various ways 
as substitutes for wood in roofing ; for boxes and table 
tops ; for pails, spittoons, wash bowls, buckets, and 
barrels ; as resisting wear and tear, and the action of 
the elements, better than wood and iron ! It was also 
ernployed for cufFs, collars, shirt bosoms, buttons, hats 
and bonnets ; for tapestry, curtains and carpets, and 
belting for machinery. It was not now so much a 
matter of inquiry of what paper could be made, as of 
what could be made of it, so that it bade fair to enter 
into about every thing in use. 

1868. The price of rags in Russia had increased 
100 per cent. 

1868. Jan. 23. Perrin's paper mill at Marshall, 
Michigan, was burnt. The loss was stated at $27,000, 
with an insurance of $9,000. 

1868. Jan. 5. The paper mill at Shushan, belong- 
ing to James Partridge, was destroyed by fire. The 
mill was valued at $8,000, on which there was an in- 
surance of $6,000. 

1868. March 25. The paper mill of H. E. 
Rodgers, at Cheneyville, Ct., was destroyed by fire. 
Loss $50,000 ; insurance, $27,000. 

1868. A French paper stated that the annual con- 
sumption of paper in England was 220 millions of 
pounds; that France consumed 195 millions; but 
that the United States consumed more than both 
England and France, the total consumption being 440 
million pounds. 



204 Chronology of the Origin and 

1868. There was not a single paper mill in Greece, 
the whole supply of paper being imported from Aus- 
tria, Italy and France. About twelve thousand tons 
of rags, collected by four hundred persons, were an- 
nually sold to France and England. 

1868. The ten paper mills at Holyoke, Mass., 
manufactured twenty-six tons of paper daily. About 
four-fifths of this was writing paper, the remainder 
collar, envelope, and tissue paper. 

1868. The twenty-one paper mills in Lee, Mass., 
worked up fourteen million pounds of rags during this 
year ; and the thirty-five mills in the county of Berk- 
shire, which comprehends those of Lee, consumed 
twenty-eight million pounds. 

1868. The importations of paper into France were 
348,164 kilograms ; of rags, 4,699,155 kils. The ex- 
ports were 4,828, 944 kils. of paper, and 1,503,134 
kils. of rags. 

1868. March 31. Taylor & Co.'s paper mill at 
Westfield, Mass., was burnt. Loss $10,000. 

1868. J. E. Hover, of Philadelphia, invented a 
kind of writing paper, charged with an earthy carbonate, 
by which common writing ink of the palest descrip- 
tion, when applied to it, became intensely black. It 
was claimed that it took printing ink more readily, 
producing a black and smooth impression. 

1868. A paper mill in Masschusetts was engaged 
in the manufacture of paper belting as a substitute for 
leather machine belts. 

1868. June 4. The works of the American Fibre 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 205 

Disintegrating Company, at Red Hook, Brooklyn, 
N. Y., were burnt. Loss $95,000. This company 
had expended large sums of money in experiments of 
blasting cane and bamboo from steam guns, to be used 
in the manufacture of paper, instead of submitting 
them to the ordinary grinding and saturating process 
in wate*. 

1868. It was estimated that twenty-seven tons of 
paper a day were used in Paris by journals, reviews 
and pamphlets. The T/"/w^j newspaper, London, con- 
sumed eleven tons of paper a day. 

1868. Aug. 26. Hogan's paper mill at Rhinebeck 
was burnt. Loss stated at $30,000. 

1868. Oct. 17. The Penfield paper mill at Ro- 
chester was burnt, having an insurance of $60,000. 

1868. Thomas Manahan issued the Paper Trade 
Reporter^ the first newspaper issued in the interests of 
paper makers in this country. 

1868. The whole number of paper mills in the 
different countries composing the German empire 
was computed at 242 by the Leipzig Correspondent^ 
and their annual production about 80,000 tons. See 
p. 230. 

1868. The mannufacture of fine paper, for writing 
and printing, was commenced near Melbourne, Aus- 
tralia, on the bank of the Yatra. The colony had 
previously been supplied from Europe and the United 
States. 

1868. Aug. I. It was announced that A. C. 
Mellier, whose patent for making paper from straw 
18 



2o6 Chronology of the Origin and 

and wood had caused much htigation among various 
manufacturers throughout the country, had procured 
its extension for seventeen years. 

1868. Nov. 17. The paper mill at Chatham Four 
Corners, ow^ned by Smith, Tompkins & Co., was 
burned. 

1869. Jan. 21. Thepaper mill of Mosher, Haight 
& Co., at Stillwater, N. Y., was destroyed by fire. 
Loss $40,000 ; insured $7,000. 

1869. Feb. 27. A paper mill at Tyringham, 
Mass., leased and occupied by Watkins, Cassidy & 
Brother, was burnt. Loss $25,000; insured $12,000. 

1869. March 4. The Pioneer paper mill at Balls- 
ton, N. Y., was burnt. Loss estimated at $160,000. 
It was one of the largest in the state. 

1869. March 4. Carpenter's paper mill at Milton, 
Saratoga county, was burnt. Loss $50,000 ; insured 
for _|20,ooo. 

1869. Lucius Clarke, paper manufacturer at North- 
ampton, Mass., died. The entire firm, father and 
two sons, had died within a year. 

1869. March 20. The Cascade paper mills, near 
Clyde, N. Y., were burnt. Loss over $100,000 ; in- 
surance $47,000, The company failed in July. 

1869. March 22. The Waban mills at Needham, 
Mass., which manufactured sheathing paper, were 
destroyed by fire. Loss $25,000 ; insured $20,000. 

1869. To the various paper productions of this 
paper age — paper collars, paper shirts, and even paper 
waistcoats, bonnets and hats — was now added paper 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 207 

coffins. M. Szelelmey, their inventor, seemed to have 
a belief in the universal adaptability of paper to all the 
needs of civilized life. He undertook to coat ships 
with it, and make them impervious to shot ; he em- 
ployed it in the manufacture or construction of rocket 
cases, powder canisters, railway carriages, drain pipes 
and p^rty walls. He claimed that it was at once 
lighter, stronger, harder and cheaper than any other 
material hitherto in use for these purposes, not except- 
ing iron and steel and stone. His object in introduc- 
ing it in the manufacture of coffins was to obtain what 
so many people rather absurdly consider a desidera- 
tum — a perfectly air-tight, water-proof and damp- 
defying shell, which nothing from without can 
penetrate, and nothing from within can escape. The 
Zopissa paper coffin, in which these conditions were 
said to be fulfilled, was a solid looking structure, very 
much resembling in build and thickness the ancient: 
mummy cases preserved in the British Museum. 

1869. May. The boiler of the paper mill of W. B. 
Mullin & Sons, at Mount Holly Springs, Pa., bursted. 
Damage, two men fatally injured, and loss $5,000. 

1869. June 8. A paper mill was burned at Barry- 
town, N. Y. 

1869. The reed cane of the Carolinas was subjected 
to the explosive force of steam, and then converted into 
a long fibre, which being cleansed by the application of 
cold water, presented a valuable article of commerce, 
which could be baled like cotton. It was sold in that 
form in rhe Eastern states at $20 per ton, to be made 



•2o8 Chronology of the Origin and 

up into wall paper, and to be mixed with manilla for 
wrapping paper ; also for mixture with wool to make 
roofing-felt, and various other manufactures. 

1869. The largest mill for the manufacture of 
writing paper was at Holyoke, Mass., which turned 
out five tons of paper daily. The engine room was 
208X54 feet and contained 18 engines. 

1869. June 8. James A. Weed's paper mill, at 
Port Dickinson, Broome county, N. Y., was burnt. 
Loss about $15,000 ; insured $13,000. 

1869. In the town of Chatham, Columbia county, 
N. Y., 7,500 tons of rye straw were consumed in the 
manufacture of paper, yielding about 1,200,000 reams 
of various sizes. In the neighboring towns of Kinder- 
hook and Stockport were numerous mills also engaged 
in the manufaciure of straw paper for wrapping, and 
the price of straw had increased to |520 per ton. 

1869. June 21. Beach & Co.'s steam paper mill 
at Sandy Hill, was burned. Loss $20,000 ; mostly 
insured. 

1869. July 7. The paper mill of Noonan & 
McNab, at Humboldt, Wis., was burnt. 

1869. Sept. 3. The paper mill of George Benton & 
Son, at Bennington, Vt., was burned. Loss $40,000 ; 
only partially insured. 

1869. Sept. 14. J. H. Herrin's paper mill, at 
Warner, Mass., was burnt. Loss $14,000 ; insured 
for $10,000. 

1869. Sept. 13. The paper mill of John Carroll, 
at Mill river, Berkshire county, Mass., was burnt. 
Loss $60,000, uninsured. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 209 

1869. The Advertiser.^ published at Portland, Maine, 
was printed on paper made of Zisania aquatica^ or water 
rice. It grew in great quantity in the north-west, it 
was said ; and a great reduction in the price of paper 
was predicted to result from the use of it. 

1869. Oct. 22. Crane's paper mill at Dalton was 
burnt, Loss stated at $60,000. 

1869. A Buffalo manufacturer claimed to be able 
to make better, tougher, and cheaper wrapping paper 
from wire grass, than from any other article in use. 
He procured it from Michigan at $30 a ton. 

1869. Nov. 15. The steam boiler in the paper 
mill of Storms & Corsa, at Catskill exploded, and was 
thrown three hundred feet over the tops of the ice 
houses, and landed in the creek. The damage was 
estimated at $15,000. 

1869. The rage for newspaper selling in London 
became so great that the girls took up the calling, and 
adopted a new device to attract attention, namely, the 
wearing o^ paper aprons^ on which the names and con- 
tents of the papers they dealt in were conspicuously 
printed. The first female that had to go abroad for 
a living is said to have worn an apron of fig leaves, 
the latest resorted to the produce of straw ! 

1869. The English cu\t\v?iX.GA paper grass .^ a ton of 
which made a half ton of tough and durable paper, 
scarcely inferior to that made of rags, it was claimed. 

1869. Experiments were made in California with 
tule.^ a product of the swamp land, which was said to 
give a good quality of white paper. There were at 



210 Chronology of the Origin and 

this time two paper mills in California, but it was 
complained that they found it more profitable to make 
wrapping than printing paper. 

1869. The importations of paper into France were 
414,457 kilograms ; of rags, 4,507,585 kils. The 
exports were 4,739,269 kils, of paper, and 2,549,511 
kils. of rags. There was a tendency to a decrease of 
exports and an increase of imports compared with the 
two preceding years. 

1869. Dr. Matthiessen, of England, presented an 
improvement which consisted of submitting disinte- 
grated wood, as saw-dust and shavings, to a rotting 
process, by steeping in running or stagnant water, by 
which process certain constituents of the wood were 
decomposed and removed, and the subsequent treat- 
ment of the residual ligneous fibre for the production 
of pulp was rendered more economical, and the pro- 
cess _of boiling and bleaching more easily effected. 

1869. It was discovered that paper could be made 
transparent for the purpose of tracing by dampening it 
with benzine ; and that the paper would resume its 
opacity on the evaporation of the benzine — thus ena- 
bling the use of thicker paper than when prepared by 
other processes. 

1 869. Machinery was invented for crushing bamboo, 
to fit it for shipment from the West India islands, to 
be used for paper stock. The difficulty of procuring 
the canes of the Southern states during the war of the 
rebellion, forced a search for similar material farther 
south, and it was largely- exported from Jamaica to 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 211 

New York, in bales and bundles. The bulk of the 
article, however, stood much in the way of shipment. 
The hold of a vessel was soon filled with it, and 
shippers did not care to take it as freight, any vessel 
so laden becoming top heavy. To prevent this, the 
vessel had first to be stowed with heavy articles, and 
the remaining space filled with bamboo. To obviate 
all difficulty, mill rollers were introduced to crush the 
bamboo, and by screw pressing, to pack it in bales, as 
was done with espartero and other bulky fibres. 

1869. A French technical paper stated that any 
alterations or fabrications of writings in ordinary ink 
may be rendered impossible by passing the paper 
through a solution of one milligram of gallic acid in 
as much pure distilled water as would fill an ordinary 
soup plate. After the paper thus prepared has become 
throughly dry, it may be used as ordinary paper for 
writing, but any attempt to alter, falsify, or change 
anything written thereon will be left perfectly visible, 
and may be readily detected. 

1869, Among the fibres of Southern India to which 
attention was called for use in paper and rope making, 
were the Tchuma ( Urtica nived) of Assam, and ramee 
( Urtica tenacissimd) of Malay, identical with the ramie 
cultivated in the Southern states, brought originally 
from Java. The rheea^ from China, a strong and 
lustrous fibre, but costly. The jettee^ moorva^ and 
pine-apple of India ; also the Pederia foetida^ and 
Bromelia penguin^ the latter furnishing the surprisingly 
beautiful Manilla handkerchief as well as the cele- 



212 Chronology of the Origin and 

brated pigna cloth, and sometimes called silk grass. — 
Annual of Scientific Discovery^ 1870, p. 98. 

1870. Feb. 20. The Royal River paper mill at 
Yarmouth, Maine, occupied by Brown & Denison, 
was destroyed by fire, with all the machinery and 
stock. There was an insurance on the building and 
machinery. 

1870. Among the sensations produced at this time 
by paper products, was that of petticoats, at 15 cents 
a piece. 

1870. A French inventor claimed that he could so 
cleanse printed paper as to make it suitable for receiv- 
ing a fresh impression. He stated that by immersing 
the printed sheet in a slight alkaline solution the ink 
would disappear, and leave the sheet of a pure and 
spotless white. This was thought to be bad for the 
trunk makers ! 

1870. March 27. The mills of the Hampden Paper 
Company at Holyoke, Mass., were destroyed by fire. 
Loss estimated at $250,000 ; insured $200,000. 

1870. Jefferson Evarts, of Jefferson, patented a 
mode of preparing pulp for the manufacture of coffins ; 
claiming that when prepared of the requisite thickness, 
saturated in oil, baked, japanned, and polished, it 
would resist acid, and become imperishable. 

1869. The immense proportions of the paper busi- 
ness may be judged by the extent of the importation 
of rags during the year, which amounted at New York 
alone to 104,661 bales, valued at |>2, 149,202, added 
to which the home production must have been very 
large. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 13 

1870. April 6. The paper makers in the north of 
England held a meeting at Manchester, and agreed to 
advance the price of all kinds of paper ten per cent, 
owing to the dearness of rags. 

1870. April 20. The paper makers of the United 
States were called upon Lo ;,:.cct in iMew York to esta- 
blish a, union, and take measures to prevent overpro- 
duction, which, it was alleged, had reduced prices 
below cost. About a dozen mills only were repre- 
sented, and it was resolved to call a general meeting of 
the trade to be held on the 20th of May. 

1870. May 5. Tenney's bamboo paper mill at 
Bloomfield, N. J., was destroyed by fire, with all the 
stock and machinery. The boiler and revolving cyl- 
inder exploded, throwing fragments in every direction. 
Loss $100,000 ; mostly insured. 

1870. The consumption of esparto had risen to 
100,000 tons a year, yet the English cheap press was 
seriously annoyed by the advances in the price of paper, 
occasioned by the scarcity of the raw material, it was 
said. Low priced papers advanced a farthing a pound, 
and an effort was made to force the price up to a half- 
penny advance. The price of esparto had increased 
in price from £j\ a ton to =£10. 

1870. June. The paper trade in Paris was so ac- 
tive that the manufacturers could not satisfy all de- 
mands, particularly for printing paper, the consumption 
of which was daily increasing. 

1870. July. 30. The Lisbon paper mill at Lisbon 
Plains, burned, involving a loss of $10,000, partially 
insured. 



214 Chronology of the Origin and 

1870. July 5. TheboilerofD. A. Bullard&Co.'s 
paper mill at Schuylerville exploded, throwing portions 
of -the boiler in different directions, and subjecting the 
owners to a loss of $8,000. 

1870. July 9. The paper mill of Beard & Grouse, 
at Fayette ville, was toially destroyed by fire. Loss 
$25,000, of which $14,000 was insured. 

1870. A paper maker in Lancashire, Eng., claimed 
to have succeeded in turning to profitable account 
particular kinds of cotton seed as a material for the 
manufacture of the best kinds of paper. It was sup- 
posed that the material could be procured in quantities 
suiHcient to supply the wants of all the. paper mills in 
the country ; also to produce a fibre of the finest 
quality, at a price that would bring it into lively com- 
petition with esparto grass. Of all the substances 
hitherto suggested as a substitute for rags, the best 
practical judges were said to regard this as the most 
desirable ; and as it required but little alteration in 
the ordinary machinery of paper mills, it was hoped 
that it wouljl in a great measure overcome the diffi- 
culty of the river pollution caused by esparto. 

1870. The paper mill at Quincy, 111., belonging to 
H. A. Geis, was burnt Sept. 27, with a large stock of 
paper and valuable machinery. Loss estimated at 
$60,000, on which there was an insurance of only 
$7,000. 

1870. There were 156 paper mills in Holland. 

1870. The American Wood Paper Company at 
Manayunk, in Pennsylvania, introduced an important 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 215 

improvement into their works, by which a saving of 
85 per cent of the waste alkali solutions was recovered. 
The spent liquor was conducted from the pulp boiler 
into a suitable reservoir, and was thence pumped up 
into evaporating furnaces. 

1870. The manufacture of paper collars in Boston, 
had reafiiied during this year, 75,000,000. See i860. 

1870. The annual production of paper in France 
was 180 million kilogrammes, of 2 lbs. 3 oz. avoirdu- 
pois each. 

1870. The Paper Trade Reporter^ Sept. 1, 1873, 
reported 669 mills in the United States, producing 

$48,436,935- 

1870. The parliamentary returns gave 344 paper 
mills in Great Britain, and 456 machines ; namely : 
. England, 271 mills. 352 machines. 
Scotland, 53 " 77 " 

Ireland, 20 " 27 " 

344 456 

The number of persons employed was 14,547 
males, 13,503 females ; total 28,050. 

1870. June. An injunction was obtained by the 
American Wood Paper Company against the Glen's 
Falls Paper Company, restraining them from boiling 
paper stuff at a certain pressure. 

1870. Sponge paper, a French novelty, is said to 
have all the peculiarities of sponge, absorbing water 
readily, and remaining moist a long time. It has been 
used as a dressing for wounds with considerable advan- 



21 6 Chronology of the Origin and 

tage. For its fabrication evenly and finely divided 
sponge is added to ordinary paper pulp, and this is 
worked, as in the common paper making apparatus, 
into sheets of different thickness. 

1870. The alarm about the scarcity of paper fibre 
had now subsided, one would suppose, since in addi- 
tion to the multitude of substances brought into use, 
Jishes were introduced, and found to produce a pulp, 
which where twenty per cent of it was employed, the 
paper could be distinguished from the ordinary article 
only by its being stronger and tougher ! The fish 
was divested of its skin and bones and placed in a 
diluted solution of bichloride of mercury and alum 
until the fibres separated. 

1870. There had been a scarcity of water during 
the last six months of this year that proved disastrous 
to a great many mills throughout the country. It 
was stated that some mills had not made twenty tons 
of paper in all this time. Nevertheless, there was 
no lack of paper in the market, and prices remained 
unchanged — superfine book papers ruling at 20 to 
24 cents, and fine book at 16 to 17 cents. The 
newspapers were mostly supplied with straw paper at 
12 to 12^ cents. 

1870. The Mobile Register was printed on paper 
made from the okra plant. 

1870. The war in France stopped the export of 
fancy paper and envelopes, the consumption of which 
in this country was much larger this year than had 
been known for many years, and prices advanced 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making . 217 

about ten per cent. The French fancy papers were 
almost the only thing imported that were not success 
fully imitated by manufacturers here. After one or 
two attempts to get up a really good imitation of snow 
flake and frosted papers^ it was abandoned and the 
French had control of that branch of the market. 

1871, John Robertson recovered $290 damages 
of Oliver Woodworth, at the superior court, at New 
London, Conn., for raising his dam by flash boards, 
and overflowing the plaintiff's water wheel. 

1 87 1. The long drouth of more than six months 
was partially relieved by rains and mild weather during 
the whole month of January ; still the suffering was 
very serious among manufacturers on slender and pre- 
carious streams. 

1 87 1. The Printer's Circular gave the following 
statistics of paper mills. Similar statements are made, 
and seldom agree one with another. Great Britain, 
408 : France, 276 ; Germany, 243 ; Austria, 78 ; 
Russia, 40; Italy, 30;^ Belgium, 26; Spain, 17; 
Switzerland, 14; Sweden, 8; Turkey, i. The an- 
nual production of paper in Europe 8,956,000 cwt., 
valued at Xi 5,004,400. 

1 87 1. March 23. Howard & Son's Paper Mill at 
Allegany City, was destroyed by fire ; loss $100,000, 
insured $25,000. 

1 87 1. A party of Japanese on a visit to Niagara 



* To show the unreliability of these statements, it was claimed in 
1874 that Italy had 536 paper mills, manufacturing paper to the amount 
of 40,040,000 rancs. 



2 1 8 Chronology of the Origin and 

Falls, visited the paper mill there, and expressed their 
intention of taking the machinery for a manufactory 
home with them for the purpose of furnishing the 
market there, as each family made its own paper. 

187 1. April. Superfine book paper sold in Cin- 
cinnati and Chicago at from 16 to 18 cts. a pound, 
while in the eastern markets it ranged at from 20 to 
24 cts. 

1 87 1. It was stated in the Paper Trade Reporter^ 
that straw board, saturated with tar, was used exten- 
sively in the west for lining houses, and was effective 
in keeping out moisture as well as the cold blasts of 
winter ; and that the Rock River Paper Company 
turned out five tons a day for the purpose without 
being able to supply the demand. 

187 1. March 20. The mill at Newbern, N. C, 
was burned. Loss stated at $30,000, with no in- 
surance. 

1871. March. The upper mill of Crocker, Bur- 
bank & Co., at Fitchburg, Mass., was burnt. The 
loss $11,300 was covered by insurance. 

187 1. April 17. One hundred and sixteen tons 
of straw, belonging to Hodgman & Falser, was burnt 
at their mill at Fort Edward, New York ; value $3, 
200 ; insured $2000. 

1 87 1. April. The paper mill of Messrs. Bingham 
& Co., situated at Leesville, Conn., was burned. 

1 871. There were 24 paper mills in Lee, Mass., 
producing 50,000 pounds of paper a day. See 1851, 
p. no. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 2, 1 9 

1 87 1. It was asserted in the Paper Trade Reporter., 
of May, that while the ordinary speed of the Fourdri- 
nier machine was from 60 to 80 feet per minute on 
printing paper, there was one machine running at the 
rate of 175 feet per minute, producing 25 tons of 
paper weekly. 

1 87 1 . May 25. The collar paper factory, operated 
by Mann & Laflin, at Factory Village, near Ballston, 
N. Y., was destroyed by fire. The mill was owned 
by Chauncey Cook, whose loss was $15,000, about 
half insured. The stock was of about equal value, 
insured for $6,000. The origin of the fire was un- 
known. 

1 87 1. The editor of the Paper Trade Reporter as- 
serted that there were nearly 1,300 paper mills in the 
United States. The number reported in 1853, was 
1,700. Perhaps neither estimate was made from suf- 
ficient investigation. 

187 1. The Augustine Mill of Jessup & A/Ioore, 
situated near Wilrriington, Delaware, and constructed 
of stone and iron, at a cost of $500,000, was pro- 
nounced the king mill of the world. 

1 87 1. Nearly all envelope papers, and buff papers 
generally were at this time made of wood pulp. 

1 87 1. The product of straw paper in the United 
States was estimated at 100 tons a day. Straw was 
scarce and high in price in the Eastern states, $25 a 
ton, while it could be procured in the Western states 
at from $1 to $4 a ton Straw news was worth in 
New York 12 cts. a pound, and wrapping 4|^ to 5 
cents. 



220 Chronology of the Origin and 

187 1. June 6. W. L. Alstyne's paper mill, at 
Fulton, Oswego county, was burnt. 

1871. A Baltimore (Md.) firm was engaged in 
manufacturing paper by a new pulping process re- 
cently devised in Prussia. The invention consisted in 
exposing the new material, such as straw, corn leaves, 
etc., to the action of a weak alkaline solution, under 
super atmospheric pressure, and at a temperature not 
exceeding 2128, {sic) in such a manner that, by the com- 
bined action of the presure and the heat, the fibrous 
material is split and disintegrated without destroying 
the fibres, as in the case of other methods, where 
strong alkaline solutions and high temperatures were 
used. 

187 1. The mills of the Smith Paper Co. located 
at Lee, Mass., produced 14 tons of paper daily. 

187 1. July 10. The Unconoonuc mill at GafFs- 
town Centre, N. H., owned by P. C. Cheeney & Co. 
was destroyed by fire. Loss about ^40,000 ; insured 
for $25,000. 

1871. July 14. The rotary bleacher of the How- 
land mill at Sandy Hill, N. Y., exploded, demolishing 
the mill, and occasioning a loss of i^i5,ooo. 

1 87 1. July 23. A paper mill belonging to May & 
Rogers was burned at Lee, Mass., resulting in a loss 
of $15,000. It was an old mill, but had about 20 
tons of paper and stock, which were burnt. 

1 87 1. July 30. The Ontario Paper Mills, at 
Phelps, N. Y. owned and managed by Geo. W. West, 
were entirely destroyed by fire, with all the machinery 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, ill 

and stock. Loss estimated at $21,500, with a light 
insurance. 

1 87 1. It was stated that a set of paper car-wheels 
in New Jersey had run over 100,000 miles, and en- 
tirely worn out a set of steel tires. The ordinary 
wheels will run 60,000 miles only. 

1 87 1. The paper mill at Glen's Falls was burnt. 
The machinery was saved. Loss $15,000. 

1 87 1. Lloyd, who published the Weekly News in 
London, built a paper mill to supply his establishment. 
He was reputed to own 180,000 acres of land in 
Algeria, on which he procured the esparto grass used 
in the manufacture of his paper, which was brought 
over from Africa in his own ships, and landed at his 
factory door on the Med way. [Printers' Reg,^ 231.) 

1871. Sept 17. A fire at Comstock's wharf, Mont- 
ville. Conn., burned a large quantity of paper stock, 
belonging to different owners, and was valued at 
$14,500. 

1 87 1. A mill at Turner's Falls, Mass., manufac- 
tured pulp exclusively from poplar, the demand for 
which had increased to such an extent, that it was 
difficult to supply it. The wood was delivered at the 
mill in sled lengths, where it was sawed into sticks 
13 inches long, stripped of its bark, split fine, and 
subjected to a hydraulic pressure sufficient to reduce 
it to the required firmness, from which it came out 
white and clean, but in a thick, brittle state, unfit for 
paper until combined with other stock. In this state 
it was sold to manufacturers, who mixed rags or other 
19 



222 Chronology of the Origin and 

material with it to suit the desired grade of paper. 
The mill produced from five to seven tons daily. 

1 87 1. It was stated that there were 1,200 paper 
mills in the United States. 

187 1. The government received one hundred 
samples of paper from Japan, mostly what is termed 
rice paper ; which were deposited in the patent office 
at Washington. 

187 1. Oct. 30. The paper mills of Freeman & 
Barnett, near Fort Wayne, Ind., were burnt. Loss 
$35,000 ; insurance light. 

1871. Oct. 3. F. S. Parker died at New Haven, 
Conn., aged 73. He was the senior partner of F. 
S. & J. Parker. 

1871. An architect at Neustadt, Germany, by the 
name of Hausel, by force of necessity, made the ex- 
periment of using ordinary writing paper saturated 
with petroleum by means of a brush, for tracing 
paper, with perfect success. — Paper Trade Reporter^ 
Nov. 1871. 

187 1. Sept. 21. A meeting of manilla paper manu- 
facturers was held at Sandy Hill, N. Y., and adopted 
articles of association for the purpose of advancing 
prices, and governing the supply of paper. 

1871. Nov. 5. The mills of the Stewart Paper 
Company at Brookville, Indiana, were destroyed by 
fire yesterday. Loss about $75,000 ; insured $25,000. 

1871. Nov 10. The paper mill of W. W. Smithj 
at Seymour, Ct., was burnt. Loss $30,000. 

1872. June 14. The paper mill at Ypsilanti, 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 22^ 

Mich., owned by Cornwell & Co., was burnt. Loss 
f 100,000, on which was an insurance of $25,000. 

1872. April 30. Carey, Nash & Ogden's paper 
mill at Port Dickinson, N. Y., was burnt. Loss 
^21,000, insured $11,900. 

1872. Experiments were successfully made by 
Stephen D. Baldwin, in California with the tules, or 
reed-like vegetation growing on swamp lands, the 
scirpus lacustrae of botanists, which was tound to 
yield from fifty to sixty per cent ot paper pulp : that 
is, equal to cotton. 

1872. April 17. Hammond's paper mill at Middle- 
bury, Vt., was burnt, at a loss of $40,000. 

1872. It was stated that two hundred and sixty- 
three sorts of paper were manufactured at Yeddo in 
Japan ; and that among these sorts, were some appro- 
priated to pocket handkerchiefs, sailors' water-proof 
overcoats, and even sauce pans used over charcoal fires. 

1872. April. The paper mill of Mullin & Parker, 
at Carlisle, Pa., was burnt, involving a loss of $45,000. 
It was the fifth fire that had occurred since the mill 
was first built in 1850, by Jacob Zug. 

1872. April 7. John H. Taylor, of the firm of 
Taylor & Darrow, died, in New York (.''). He was 
for many years engaged in the paper stock business, 
and was one of the first to systematize that depart- 
ment of trade, and reduce it to a separate and exclu- 
sive branch. 

1872. May 9. The paper mill of Hodgeman & 
Falser, at Sandy Hill was destroyed by fire. 



224 Chronology of the Origin and 

1872. May 16. The paper mill of C. F. Davis, 
at Chatham, Col. Co., N. Y., was burnt, with a 
large quantity of paper and straw. 

1872. May 21. The mill at Union Deposit, Pa., 
running on manilla by W. S. Corpman, under lease 
of J. H. Ebersole, was burnt, at a loss of $15,000, 
and not rebuilt. 

1872. The greatest rival of France in the manu- 
facture of paper, was Germany ; and during the in- 
vasion of the former country, the French paper makers 
were able to produce only small quantities of paper, 
and the German exports were greatly increased to 
Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Holland ; and 
it was even exported to America, India and Japan in 
large quantities. 

1872. The number of paper mills in the United 
States was stated in Lockwood's Directory at 812, valued 
at $35,564,700 ; producing annually $66,500,000, 
and employing 22,000 persons. 

1872. June 21. The paper mill of Elijah Smith, 
at Moriches, Long Island, N. Y., was burnt. Loss 
$75,000. 

1872. June. The extensive manilla paper works 
of Wells, Ramsey & Co., near Rising Sun, Cecil 
county, Maryland, were burnt. Loss $20,000, The 
mill had been built only four months. 

1872. A paper was made for wrapping, called iron 
paper, which differed from other wrapping, in having 
iron filings mixed in the pulp while in process of 
manufacture, to give it weight. It was denounced 
as a fraud. 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 225 

1872. Epilobium, or fireweed, was looked to for 
paper stock. 

1872. July. The Winnipiseogee paper mill at 
Franklin, N. H., was burnt. Loss $35,000, insured 
for ^50,000. 

1872. July 14. Davis & Moore's paper mill in 
Pepperell, Mass., was burned, with the stock and 
machinery. Loss $50,000 ; insured $45,000. 

1872. July 19. The mill of J. B. Sheffield at 
Saugerties, N. Y., was burnt. The loss was 
$300,000 ; insured for $105,000. It was a very 
large concern, employing 150 workmen. 

1872. July 19. The Albion mill at Holyoke, 
Mass., was ignited by the friction of the rag machine, 
and burnt down to the first story. Loss $50,000 ; 
insured for $67,000. 

1872. The import of rags into the United States 
during the year ending June 3, free of duty, was 128, 
280,225 lt)s., of the value of $4,890,045 ; of these 
about one-half were imported from British, ports. — 
Paper Trade Journal. 

1872. The paper mill of F. Hendee & Co. at 
Council Bluffs, Iowa, was burned Aug. 30. Loss 
$30,000, half insured. 

1872. England imported paper from the mill of 
Prince Bismarck at Varzin in Prussia to such an extent 
that it was not possible to meet the demand. This 
paper was made of fir. 

1872. Baker's mill. Blue Store, Columbia county, 
N. Y., was destroyed by lightning. Loss $10,000. 



226 Chronology of the Origin and 

1872. June 12. The Middlebrook paper mill, 
near Knoxville, Tenn., was burned. Loss $30,000, 
one-third insured. 

1872. The paper mills of Bismarck at Varzin in 
Prussia, menufactured pasteboard from pine wood, 
which found a market in England. These mills 
wrought up 600 cords of wood per annum, but the 
demand being greater than the supply new works were 
superadded, adapted to the consumption of five cords 
a day. 

1872. Oct. 10. The Hillsdale mill at Worthing- 
ton, Iowa, was burnt. Loss, $25,000. 

1872. The first news paper in Nova Scotia, was 
made at Bedford. — See Paper Trade 'Journal^ Feb. 
I, 1873. 

1872. The imports of esparto into England during 
this year exceeded 130,000 tons. The Times was 
printed on paper made more or less of this material, 
as was that of most of the other leading journals, pe- 
riodicals . and current publications generally. The 
imports of paper during the first seven months of this 
year amounted to =£124,277 in excess of those of the 
preceding year for the corresponding months, while 
the value of the exports was no less than £173,130. 

1872. Oct. 25, Blauvelt & Gilmore's mill at Lee, 
Mass., was burned. Insured $20,000. 

1872. The paper mill of Miller & Churchill at 
Little Falls was burnt by the explosion of a lamp. 

1872. Dec. 7. The extensive paper mill of Carson 
& Brown, at Dalton, Mass., was burned, at a loss of 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making, ii'j 

$125,000, on which were insurances to the amount of 
$82,500. The mill was manufacturing 2300 pounds 
of paper daily, of superior quality. Dec. 23. The 
Quinnipiac mill, near New Haven, was burnt, at a 
loss of $15,000. It has no facilities for putting out 
fires. 

1872. Holyoke was the great manufacturing mart 
of fine writing paper, producing forty tons a day, 
which was three-fourths of all the product of the 
country at this time. 

1872. Dec. 31. John Priestley died. See Paper 
Trade yournal^ Jan. 15, 1873. -^^ ^^^ ^^'^ ^^'^^ ^^ 
make a fine book paper from straw. 

1872. There was reported to be in operation 812 
paper mills in the United States, owned by 705 firms, 
and of an estimated value of $35,000,000, besides an 
estimated value of $43,500,000 of working capital. 
There were besides 39 new mills in course of con- 
struction. These 812 mills, it was stated, employed 
13,420 men, 7,700 women, and 922 children ; whose 
aggregate wages were computed at $10,000,000. The 
product of these mills was estimated at 317,387 tons 
of paper, valued at $66,575,825. — Paper Trade Re- 
porter^ Sept. I, 1873, P- 5- 

1873. Jan. 17. Brown &Jukes's paper mill at Am- 
sterdam, N. Y., was burnt. Loss $20,000, insured. 

1873. There were 350 paper mills in Great Britain, 
employing nearly 30,000 persons, and producing an- 
nually more than three hundred millions pounds of 
paper, according to the Post Office Directory. 



228 Chronology of the Origin and 

1873. Foreign rags, three -fourths of which used to 
come from Italy, were now principally imported from 
England. The imports of rags from England in 1872, 
were 45,750 bales ; from Italy, 23,134 ; from the 
Levant, 11,149. 

1873. There being no paper mill in Greece, about 
12,000 tons of rags were exported from that country, 
mainly to England and France. 

1873. T.he rise of bleach, caustic and coals in 
England in two years, was equal to £8 i^. 3^^. a ton, 
while the advance in the price of paper was a half a 
penny a pound, or about one-half the increased ex- 
pense of production. 

1873. 'Fhe Dundee Advertiser^ of Scotland, was 
printed on paper made wholly of jute, and to encour- 
age the manufacture, the publisher offered a premium 
of .£50 to encourage an improvement in the quality. 

1873. The New York Commercial Advertiser say s that 
the aggregate annual production of paper is 1,060,000 
tons, of which nearly one-third, or 317,387 tons, is 
produced in the United States ; while Germany pro- 
duces 180,000 tons, and Great Britain exactly the 
same quantity as Germany, the French product being 
148,000 tons. In the United States the number of 
paper mills has increased about 50 per cent since 
1850 — the present number being 812, and the value 
of their average annual product nearly $67,000,000. 

1873. A paper mill directory enumerated 812 mills 
in the country, and estimated the captal invested at 

,500,000. These mills employed 22,042 work- 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 229 

men, and produced in the previous year 317,387 tons 
of paper, valued at $66,475,825. 

1871. There were 22 mills in Lee, Mass., owned 
by nine firms, turning out 22 tons of paper daily. 

1872. The losses sustained in conflagrations by 
paper manufacturers was one million dollars, during 
this yea^. 

1873. July 10. The paper mill of Cushman 
Brothers at North Amherst, Mass., was burnt, 
involving a loss of $50,000, less $13,000 insured. 

1873. ^^^ quantity of rags exported from the 
Turkish ports in the year 1872-3, was reported at 
7,507,967 pounds by the director general of customs. 
— Paper Trade yournal^ ill. No. 61. 

1873. -'■^ August of this year there were forty-two 
mills in process of construction. 

1873. Messrs. Wm. Chadwick & Son, of Pendle- 
ton, England, were manufacturing paper 113 inches 
wide, on a 120 inch machine. The widest American 
machine was 96 inches. 

1873. The Chilian government granted to a manu- 
facturing firm the exclusive right to make paper in 
that country for news and wrapping, and laid a pro- 
hibitory duty on imports. 

1873. ^^^ paper manufacturers lost by fires during 
this year $499,200, divided among 29 establishments. 
See Paper Trade yournal }zn. i, 1874. 

1874. The Italian mills were nearly all in charge of 
foreign workmen, while those in Russia were run by 
English hands, with the exception of a few Germans 
who had recently gone there. 



230 Chronology of the Origin and 



1874. The Leipzig Correspondent computed the 
number of paper mills in the states composing the 
German empire at 423, a gain of 181 in six years ; and 
the total annual product of paper at 180,000 tons. 

1874. Alexander H. Rice, a Boston paper dealer, 
stated in a public lecture, that the quantity of paper 
consumed in Massachusetts was of twelve millions of 
dollars value, and that about three-fourths of all the 
paper used in the United States was produced in 
Massachusetts. 

1874. The number of mills in the different countries 
in which machine-made paper was produced, and the 
product for the present year was estimated as follows : 

MILLS. CWTS. 

Africa, i ... 5,ooo 

Austria, 130 ... 1,440,000 

Belgium, 19 ... 450,000 

Brazil, i ... 8,000 

Canada, 2 ... 10,000 

Denmark,.. 5 ... 72,000 

France, 404 ... 2,960,000 

Germany, 423 ... 3,600,000 

Great Britain, 274 ... 3,600,000 

Holland, 10 ... 144,000 

Italy, 97 ... 900,000 

Norway and Sweden, 20 ... 270,000 

Portugal, 16 ... 120,000 

Russia, 66 ... 670,000 

Switzerland, 30 ... 20,ooo(.'') 

Spain, 17 ... 260,000 

United States, 467 ... 3,230,000 



1,982 17,819,000 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 23 1 

1874. Papyrus, which was generally supposed to 
have become obsolete, was cultivated as a rare plant 
in the royal gardens at Kew, and in the Royal Society's 
garden, London, as well as in some private gardens 
in England. 

1874. A canoe was constructed of paper by E. 
Wateyfs and Son of Troy, N. Y. It was 14 feet in 
length, 28 inches in width, and 23 inches in greatest 
depth. It was made of linen paper, one-sixth of an 
inch in thickness, moulded while soft upon a solid 
wood form, and afterwards highly polished and 
varnished. It was designed for a voyage from Albany 
to the gulf of Mexico. Its weight was 58 lbs. 

1875. Specimens of paper were exhibited to the 
Academy of Sciences by M, Landrin, made from 
gombo, a plant common to the French colonies, and 
in many warm countries. — Paper Trade Journaly 
April 15, 1875, p. 9. 

1875. The stem of the American wild rice, zisama 
aquatica, came extensively into use as a material for 
paper pulp. It was said that 100,000 tons of it could 
be obtained annually from the shores of the Canadian 
lakes. — Ibid, p. 11. 

1875. In June, there was found to be 895 mills 
in operation in the United States, owned by 773 firms. 
There were at the same time nine new mills in pro- 
cess of construction, although the paper business was 
much depressed. — Paper Trade yournal, iv. No. 74. 

1876. The following ir\i\y figurative paragraph is 
given by way of corollary. One Carl Engel seems 



2^2 Chronology of the Origin and 

to be held responsible for it. See Printers' Circular^ 
XI, 183. 

Of the 1,300,000,000 human beings inhabiting the 
globe, 360,000,000 have no paper nor writing material 
of any kind ; 500,000,000 of the Mongolian race use 
a paper made from the stalks and leaves of plants ; 
10,000,000 use for graphic purposes tablets of wood ; 
130,000,000 — the Persians, Hindoos, Armenians 
and Syrians — have paper made from cotton, while 
the remaining 300,000,000 use the ordinary staple. 
The annual consumption by this latter number is 
estimated at 1,800,000,000 pounds, an average of six 
pounds to the person, which has increased from two 
and a half pounds during the last fifty years. To 
produce this amount of paper, 200,000,000 pounds 
of woolen rags, besides great quantities of linen rags, 
straw, wood, and other materials, are yearly consumed. 
The paper is manufactured in 3,960 paper mills, em- 
ploying 90,000 male and 180,000 female laborers. 
The proportionate amounts of the different kinds of 
paper are stated to be : of writing paper, 300,000,000 
pounds ; of printing paper 900,000,000 pounds ; of 
wall paper, 400,000,000, and 200,000,000 pounds of 
cartoons, blotting paper, etc. 

1877. The fire king stalked abroad early in the 
year among the paper mills. Hammond's mill at 
East Pike, N. Y., producing 3500 lbs. of wrapping 
daily, was burned March 25. The Augustine mills 
near Wilmington, Delaware, owned by Jessup & 
Moore, and making five tons of book paper daily, was 



Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 233 

burned April 4. Pennypacker's mill at Valley Forge 
Pa., having a daily capacity of 1500 lbs. of envelope 
paper, was burnt 8th April. The Eagle mill at Suffield, 
Conn., running on writing papers, and producing 800, 
lbs. daily, was burnt April 10. The Hudson River 
Paper and Pulp Co.'s mill, at Palmer Falls, N. Y., 
having a product of five tons of newspaper daily, was 
burnt on the nth April. 

1877. The number of paper mills in the United 
States was reckoned at 934, and the number of firms 
at 795, of these 254 firms and 327 mills were located 
in the Eastern states ; 328 firms and 360 mills in the 
Middle states ; 155 firms and 179 mills in the 
Western states ; and 58 firms and 68 mills in the 
Southern states. — Lockwood's Directory of the Paper 
Trade. 



Finale. — The collector of these disjunctive con- 
junctives proposes, with this fifth edition, in the fifty- 
second year of his typographical career, to let the 
paper manufacture go on as it may, without any 
further surveillance of his, with best wishes for its 
prosperity to the end of time. 




INDEX. 



Abacca (tnanilla hemp), substitute 

fot rags, 20 1 . 
Aberdeen, Scotland, 12.9, 171. 
Acacia, substitute for rags, 201. 
Academy of Natural Sciences, 156. 
Academy of Sciences, 79, 116 j 

specimens of paper in, 231. 
Adamantine stone, 159. 
Adolphus, count of Schaumburg, 

21. 

Advertiser, Portland, 209. 
Africa, 221; mills in, 1874, 230. 
African colonies, 169. 
Agave of Cuba, substitute for 

rags, 201. 
Agawam paper mill burnt, 198. 
Aimes S., his mills burnt, 90. 
Albany, 48, 231 ; paper mill 

nearest to, 1789, 50. 
Albany Argus, 137. 
Albany Institute, 50. 
Albany Register, 50. 
Albumenizing, paper, 192; fluid, 

192. 
Alcoi, mills at, 55- 
Alexander, 15; of Russia, 68; 

the Great, 6. 
Alexandria, Egypt, 17, 155, 198. 
Alfa fibre, paper from, 122, 183. 
Alga marina, for paper, 38. 
Algeria, 168, 200,221. 
Algiers, 119; manufactory estab- 
lished, 169. 
Alkali. 179. 
Alkalies, use of, 84, 90. 
Alkaline, solution, 163, 184; 

treatment, 194. 
Allegany City, mill at, 217. 
Allen, Stephen M., inventor, 

170, 184; patentee, 182. 



Allen's Biog. Dictionary, 73. 
Allison, Burgess, 58. 
Aloes, leaves of, for paper, 41. 
Alsace, No. of mills in i8oz, 

58 ; exports, 59. 
Alstead, N. H., 98. 
Alstyne, W. L., his mill burnt, 

220. 
Alum, 216; used for sizing, 84. 
Alumina, 161. 
America, 224. 
American aloe, paper prepared 

from, 9. 
American Company of Book- 
sellers, gold and silver medal 

offered by, 60. 
American Cyclopedia, Appleton's, 

12. 
American Fibre Disintegrating 

Company's works burnt,205. 
American wild rice, 231. 
American Wood Paper Co., 141, 

214; obtain an injunction, 

215. 
Ames, David, died, 113.- 
Ames, D & J., 127 ; mill, 78. 
Ames, John, 75, 94; inventor, 

99 ; patentee, 94, 101, 103. 
Amherst, Mass., 133. 
Amies, Joseph, 95. 
Amies, Thomas, 70. 
Ammonia, 162. 
Ammoniacal compounds, 162. 
Ammoniate of alum, 180. 
Amos & Clarke, patentees, 1 17. 
Amru, Joseph, 18. 
Amsterdam, N. Y., 227. 
Ancona, 155. 
Andalusia, 36. 
Anderson, 32. 



236 



Index. 



Andries, S. R , 142. 

Angouleme,France,3i, 69; manu- 
facturers obtain prizes atParis, 
62; product of mills in, 49 ; 
vellum paper first produced at, 
62. 

Angoumois, France, 34; mills at, 

so- 
Angular bed-plate, 190. 
Anhydrous rosin-soap for sizing, 

179. 
Animal, fibrine for paper, 161 ; 

parchment, 165 ; substances 

for paper, 84. 
Anne, queen, duty established in 

the reign of, lyoj her impost, 

.34- 
Annis, George W., patentee, 83. 
Annonay, 62, 69, 76. 
Annsville paper mill burnt, 92. 
Annual of Scientific Discovery, 

147, 212. 
Anthony, Henry F., inventor, 

192. 
Antisei, Prof., inventor, 131. 
Aphorisms of Hippocrates, 19. 
Aporentype, 84. 
Appleton's Cyclopedia, 157. 
Aprons, paper, made by news girls, 

209. 
Aqua fortis, 168. 
Aquitaine, 23. 
Arabians, carried the art of paper 

making into Spain, 10 ; 

manufacture of paper by the, 

9- 

Aragon and Castile, kings of, 21. 
Armenians, 232. 
Arroche for paper, 41. 
Arundinaria macro-sperma, reed 

fibre from for paper, 1 60. 
Abestos for paper, 133. 
Ashland, mill at, 167. 
Asia Minor, 155. 
Asparagus, ligaments of, for paper, 

99. 
Aspen for paper, 41, 89. 
Astor House, New York, meeting 

of paper makers at, 176. 



Atkinson, Mr.,'6o. 

Auburn, N. Y., mill near, 202 j 
Paper Co.'s mill burnt, 202. 

Augustine mill, 219; burned, 
232. 

Austria, 181 5 Dutch workmen 
brought into, 39 ; first paper 
mill in, 25 ; mill in, 179 5 
No. of mills in 1845, no; 
product,Tlo; product ini85l , 
121; No. of mills in 1855, 
141 ; mills in 1871, 217; 
mills in, 1874, 230. 

Austrian, I7S ; department 

London International Exhibi- 
tion, 176; states export 
rags, 106. 

Avignon, meeting of straw paper 
makers at, 194, 195. 

Babylonian bricks, 5. 

Baden, Germany, 25, ill. 

Bage, Robert, 57. 

Bagford, John, 35. 

Bagging for paper, 93, 168. 

Baird, Prentice C, his mill burnt, 
174. 

Baily, William, 60. 

Baker's mill destroyed by lightning, 
225. 

Balcom, Vespasian O., patentee, 
148. 

Baldwin, Stephen D.,223. 

Balilliat, Pierre, patentee, 80. 

Ballston N. Y., 206; mill at, 
159; mill in, 197. 

Ballston Spa, N. Y., 144, 171 ; 
mill at, 149. 

Baltimore, Md., 129, 143, 160, 
173,220; imports in 1863, 
187; manufacturers petition 
for tariff, 72. 

Baltimore County Advocate, 145. 

Baltimore Co., Md., 145. 

Bamboo, inner bark of, for paper, 
7 ; Jamaica, substitute for 
rags, 201 ; machines for 
crushing, 210; of the Mis- 
sissippi for paper, 138 ; 



Index. 



m 



Bamboo, paper from, 148, 184 j 
proces ofspreparing, 185, 189. 

Banana, paper from leaves of, 104. 

Bank, note paper, 116; of Eng- 
land, 116; notes, 152. 

Barabee, W., 143. 

Bardoux, Lucien, patentee, 195. 

Bark, of the cotton stalk for paper, 
146. 

Barks of trees for wrapping paper, 
143. 

Barley sFraw, for paper, 41. 

Barne, patentee, 173. 

Barratt, Thomas, patentee, 91. 

Barrels, paper used for, 203. 

Barrett & Swann's mill burnt, 83, 
107. 

Barrett, Ebenezer, 83. 

Barry, Mr., prosecuted, 156. 

Barrytown, N. Y., mill burned, 
207. 

Bartolus, 24. 

Basil, canton of, mills in, 59. 

Baskerville, 39. 

Basle, in Switzerland, 27. 

Basswood for paper, 45, 52, 136, 
188; substitute for rags, 201. 

Bath island, 160. 

Bavaria, 1 11. 

Bavarian peat for paper, 41. 

Beach & Co.'s mill burned, 208. 

Beach, Moses Y., patentee, 82. 

Bealer, William, inventor, 188. 

Beard & Grouse's mill burned, 214. 

Beardsle, George W., 136; exr 
perimenter, 142. 

Beardslee, Mr., 12. 

Bedford, Mass., 148. 

Bedford, Nova Scotia, mill at, 69. 

Beech for paper, 41. 

Beeswax used for sizing and glaz- 
ing, 84. 

Beet root, paper from, 99, 161 ; 
pasteboard from, 149. 

Belfast, Ireland, 147. 

Belgium, 132, 146, 224; export 
duty on rags, 190; export of 
rags prohibited, 169; exports 
to Denmark, 113 j 



Belgium, exports to the Nether- 
lands, 113 5 manufacture in- 
troduced into, 34; number of 
manufacturers in, 1 1 5; imports 
and exports in 1849, 117; 
mills in, 1871,217; mills in, 
1874, 230; paper exported to 
the seceded states, 174. 

Bellamy, William, proposal by,44. 

Belmont Falls, mill at, 60. 

Belting for machinery, paper used 
for, 203. 

Benjamin, Nathan, mill burnt, 62. 

Bennington, Vt., mill at, 208 ; 
rags wanted at, 48. 

Benton, George & Son's mill 
burned, 208. 

Benzine for tracing paper, 270. 

Berkshire Co., Mass., 208. 

Berkshire, Mass., consumption of 
rags in, 1868, 204. 

Berkshire mill, 67. 

Berlin, Prussia, 27 ; first machine 
in, 71. 

Bernadotte, patentee, 84. 

Bern, canton of, mills in, 59. 

Bertholet, 68. 

Besan^on, France, 138. 

Bestow & Fairchild's mill burnt, 
176. 

Bible, made of the skin of a 
woman, 5. 

Bibliotheca Americana, 50. 

Bidds, Mr., 52. 

Bigg, John, patentee, 52. 

Binder's boards, 90. 

Bingham & Co.'s mill burnt, 218, 

Bingham, Edward B., 150. 

Birmingham, 57. 

Bismarck, Prince, 225. 

Black river, country, 63 ; paper 
mill burned, 197. 

Blake, Edmond, inventor, 98. 

Blake, J. S., patentee, 151. 

Blandel, patentee, 173. 

Blank, Ephraim F., patentee, 90. 

Blank, Thomas, patentee, 90. 

Blauvelt & Gilmore's mill burned, 
226. 



238 



Index. 



Bleach, rise in price, zz%. 
^Bleaching powders, 183. 
Bloomfield, N. J., 172 ; mill at, 

213. 
Blue grass for paper, 8 1 . 
Blue Store, N. Y., 225. 
Bodleian collection, 19. 
Bodoni, 26. 
Bohemia, 149. 
Bohun, Edmund, Autobiography, 

32-. 

Boilers, improvement in, ryi. 

Bolls of. the sycamore tree for 
paper, 182. 

Bomeisler, Louis, patentee, 85. 

Bonnets, paper used for, 203, 206. 

Bookseller, 171. 

Booksellers and Publishers Union, 
159. 

Bordeaux, 23. 

Boston Journal, 188. 

Boston, Mass., 96, 138, 1555 
paper collars in, i860, 171 j 
imports in 1863, 187; manu- 
facture in, 215. 

Boulac, near Cairo, 123. 

Boxes, for paper used for, 203. 

Boxmoor, 60. 

Bracken, or fern plant, paper from, 

137- 
Bradford, William, 33, 34,. 36. 
Bradley, A., & Sons, mill burnt, 

104. 
Bradley, B. B., his mill burnt, 140. 
Brand, M., experimenter, 89. 
Brandywine, 72, 78 j mill on, 70 ; 

flood on the, 74. 
Bran, paper from, 141. 
Brard, Cyprian Prosper, patentee, 

83. 
Brattleborough, Vt., 65, 91, 94, 

96; mill at, 154. 
Brazil, imports, 112; mills in 

1874, 230. 
Brazilian grass, paper from, 133. 
BreitkofF, i. 

Bremen exports rags, 154. 
Brepols, Sieur, manufacturer of 

colored paper, 77. 



Bretagne, France, exports, 59. 
Brewer and Smith, patentees, lai. 
Brewer, Henry, 95. 
Bridgeport, Pa., 99. 
Brightman, J. W., patentee, 179. 
Brindly, W., patentee, 116. 
Bristol, N. H., mill at, 178. 
Britannia, figure of, 28. 
British-American provinces, paper 

mill in, 69. 
British museum, 19, 33> 35 j man- 
uscript in, 17 ; Cottonian li- 
brary of, 24 ; kingdom, ex- 
cise duties and exports, 1859, 
164; and Foreign Bible So- 
ciety, 70. 
British Merchant, 32. 
Brogniart, M., 101;. 
Broich, Holland, 33. 
Bromelia penguin for paper, 211. 
Bronx river, N. Y., mill on, 75. 
Brooklyn, N. Y., 150. 
Brookville, Ind., mills at, 222. 
Brooman, R. A., patentee, no. 
Broom corn for paper, 41. 
Brown, Alexander, patentee, 137. 
Brown & Denison's mill burned, 

212. 
Brown & Jukes's mill burnt, 227. 
Brown & Mcintosh, inventors, 1 29. 
Brown, James, loi ; patentee, 156. 
Brown paper, duty on, 170. 
Brown, Tower & Co.'s mills burnt, 

100. 
Brownsville, Pa., mill at, 53. 
Brueckman, Dr., 36, 
Bruges, 49. 
Brunswick, 27. 
Brush, 187. 
Brussells, 139. 
Buchanan, C. S., 182; patentee, 

171. 
Buchanan & Bullard's boiler ex- 
ploded, 190. 
Buchanan & Kilmer, 140. 
Buckets, paper used for, 203. 
Buddington, Mr., mill of, burnt, 

102. 
Buel, David, 57. 



Index, 



'^39 



Buffalo Express, 176. 

BuUard, D. A., & Co.'s boiler ex- 
ploded, 214. 

Bull, La Grange, io6. 

Bulls of the popes, on cotton paper, 
18. 

Bunker Hill Aurora, 198. 

Burdock for paper, 41, 49. 

Burgess, Hugh, 141. 

Burke, Francis, inventor, 147. 

Burneby, Jiustace, 32. 

Burton, printer, 54. 

Butler, Asa, 73. 

Butler, Simeon, 73. 

Button, board, duty on, loi ; 
paper, duty on, loi. 

Buttons, paper used fbr, 203. 

Cabbage stumps for paper, 41. 

Cacim aben Hegi, 20. 

Caen, France, 68. 

Cairo, 123. 

Calcined feldspar, 165. 

Calcium, 165. 

Calendering rolls, 186. 

Calico for book covers, substitute 

for, 191. 
California, No. of mills in 1869, 

210. 
Cambridge, England, 29. 
Camden, Me., 107 ; mill at, 83. 
Camden, N. J., 152. 
Camp, E., his mill burnt, 104. 
Campbell, Hall & Co., 201. 
Campbell, Mr., patentee, 51. 
Canada, m'lls in, 1874, 230. 

Canadian lakes, 231. 

Canandaigua, N. Y., 71. 

Cane of the southern swamps for 
paper, 173. 

Canes from the Carolinas, substi- 
tute for rags, 201. 

Canoe of paper, 231. 

Canson Brothers, patentees, 79. 

Canson, M., 76, 79 ; secret im- 
provement, 78. 

Cape Haytien, 127. 

Cappucius Brothers, 79. 

Carbonated alkali, 103. 



Carbonic acid gas, 147, 173. 
Carduus nutans for paper, 58. 
Card-board, 188. 
Carew Paper Company, 198. 
Carey, Nash & Ogden's mill 

burned, 223. 
Carleton & Co.'s mill burnt, 102. 
Carlisle, Pa., mill at, 223. 
Carlowville, Ala., 151. 
Carpenter's mill burnt, 206. 
Carpets, paper used for, 203. 
Carroll, John, his mill burned, 208. 
Carson & Brown's mill burned, 

226. 
Carson, David, 53, 67 5 died, 160. 
Carter's paper mill burnt, 127. 
Cartridge paper, requisites in, 47. 
Cartridges, want of paper for, 46. 
Carvil, George, patentee, 93. 
Car wheels, of paper, 221. 
Cascade paper mill burnt, 206. 
Case of the paper traders, 33. 
Casey, Mr., 60. 
Casiri, 21 ; on the invention of 

paper, 18. 
Cassiodorus, 17. 
Caswell, Gurdon, 65. 
Catskill, mill at, 54, 209. 
Cat-tail for paper, 188. 
Cauffman's paper mill burned, 

126. 
Caustic alkali, 163, 165 ; lime, 

161 ; .rise in price, 228 j soda, 

173; ley, 139. 
Cecil Co., Md., 224. 
Chadbourne, P. A., patentee, 183, 
Chadwick, Wm., & Son, manu- 
facturers, 229. 
Chamberlin, Martin, 53. 
Chambersburg, Pa., 81, 88, 9a. 
Chambers, Messrs., 117. 
Chamblee, Canada, 142. 
Charles I, 30. 
Charles IX of France, 29. 
Charles VHI, 27. 
Charleston, S. C, 158. 
Charlestown, Mass., 142. 
Charlotte, Princess, 61. 
Charta bombycine, 18. 



240 



Index. 



chase, Thomas G., 165. 
Chateaugay river, mill on, 60. 
Chatham, Col. co., N. Y., 105, 

208 5 mill at, 224. 
Chatham Four Corners, mill at, 

159, 206. 
Cheeney, P. C, & Co.'s mill 

burned, 220. 
Chelsea Manufacturing Co., 145. 
Chemical acid, 181. 
Cheneyville, Ct., mill at, burnt, 

203. 
Chester cc, Pa., 192. 
Chester creek. Pa., paper mill on, 

37. 1^7- 
Chester, Ct., 154. 
Chester Valley rail road, 192. 
Chicago, 178, 218. 
ChifFonniers of Paris, insurrection 

of, 94. 
Chili, imports from Spain, 115. 
Chilian government, lay prohibit- 
ory duty on imports, 229. 
Chinese, hemp, substitute for rags, 
201 ; nettle, substitute for 
rags, 201 ; paper, 7, 15 5 
rice paper, 8; sugar cane, 180. 
Chittenden, George, 67. 
Chittenden, G., & Son's mill burnt, 
174. 
^ Chloride of lime, 147, 151 ; used, 

181. 
/Chlorine, 183; discovered, 43; 
in bleaching, 193. 
Christian III, 79. 
Christina of Sweden, 30. 
Church, Henry & Co.'s mill burnt, 

107. 
Churchyard's Spark of Friendship, 

29. 
Cigarettes, paper for, 169. 
Cincinnati, 175,218. 
Cist, Charles, 46. 
Claremont, N. H., 151. 
Clark, C. & O., their paper mill 

burnt, 144. 
Clark, John, & Co., 63. 
Clark, John, mill burnt, 56. 
Clark, Patrick, patentee, 151. 



Clark, Wm., & Co.'s mill burnt, 
166. 

Clark, Wm., patentee, 146, 149. 

Clark, William N., patentee, i i;4. 

Clarke, Lucius, died, 206. 

Clavio, Julio, 28. 

Claypoole, James, 46. 

Clematite for paper, 41. 

Clemo, Ebenezer, patentee, 168. 

Cleveland, Ohio, 179; mill at, 
burned, 92. 

Clum, abbot of, 20. 

Clyde, N. Y., mill near, 206. 

Coals, rise in price, 228. 

Coal tar, 146. 

Coating writing paper, 192. 

Cobbett, 83. 

Cobb, Thomas, patentee, 87. 

Coffins, paper, 206. 

Cohoes, N. y., mill at, 177. 

Collar paper factory burned, 219. 

Collars, paper, 203, 206. 

Colle, in Tuscany, 27. 

Collier, Elisha Hayden, patentee, 
82. 

Collyer, Dr., patentee, 161. 

Collyer, R. H., 152. 

Colquohoun, Dr., 68. 

Coltsfoot for paper, 49. 

Columbia co., N. Y., 208 5 first 
paper mill, 54; mill in, 67. 

Columbia mill, 198. 

Columbus, meeting of publishers 
in, 195. 

Combustible cakes, 194. 

Comly, J. P., patentee, 130. 

Compoloro, F. De, patentee, 164. 

Comstock's wharf, fire at, 221. 

Conferva for paper, 41, 49. 
Conflagrations, losses by, in 1872, 

229. 
Confucius, 15. 

Congress, memorialized not to re- 
duce duty, 75 ; petitioned for 
tariff, 72, 73 ; use foreign 
paper, 72 J prohibition of, 8 6j 
import duty on rags taken off 
''y> 179; ^^^y reduced by in 
1863, 1845 



Index. 



241 



Congress memorialized against a 
prohibitory tariff, 195 ; me- 
morialized for a removal of 
duty on paper, 196. 
Conical grinder, 164. 
Connecticut, 198 ; No. of mills 

in 1 8 10, 66 5 river, 77. 
Connecticut Courant, 154. 
Constantinople, 27, 63 ; mill at, 

123. 
Consumption of paper, 195 ; of 

ink, paper, etc., in New York, 

168. 
Continental army, 45. 
Conversations Lexikon, 22. 
Cook, Chauncey, 219. 
Cooper, John W., patentee, 85. 
Cooperstown, 127. 
Corbeil, 27. 
Corn, husks for paper, 83 ; stalks 

for paper, x8o. 
Cornwell & Co.'s mill burned, 

223. 
Corpman, W. S., 224. 
Corser, George A., inventor, 190. 
Cosyn, George, 25. 
Coton du peuplier for paper, 41. 
Cotton, for paper, 85 ; paper, 10 ; 

supplanted by linen paper, 10; 

plant, paper from the root 

and stalk of, 151 ; seed for 

paper, 2145 substitute for 

rags, 201 ; waste for paper, 

93, 168. 
CottonJan library specimen, 24. 
Cotusius, 24. 

Couch grass for paper, 49. 
Coucher, 186. 
Couching belt, 177. 
Council Bluffs, Iowa, 225. 
Coupler & Mellier, patentees, 127, 

130, 132. 
Coupler & Mellier, patentees, 132. 
Courier Francalse, 89. 
Courtalln, France, 82. 
Cowley & Sullivan, patentees, 147. 
Cowper, John, 183. 
Cowper, Prof., patentee, 83. 
Craig, Mr., his mill burnt, 112. 



Crane, L. Murray, inventor, 200. 
Crane, Zenas, 53, 675 patentee, 

Crane's mill burnt, 209. 
Crawford Messenger, 89. 
Crefeld, mill at, 34. 
Crehore, Isaac, patentee, 162. 
Crocker & Marshall, patentees, 

164. 
Crocker, Burbank & Co.'s mill 

burnt, 218. 
Crocker, S. S., patentee, 179. 
Crompton, Mr.. 79. 
Crompton, T. B., 104; patentee, 

74, 83; died, 157. 
Croswell & Son's mill burnt, 159. 
Crosby, Henry, patentee, 104. 
Crystal palace exhibition, 130. 
Cuba, imports from Spain, 115. 
Cuffs, paper used for, 203. 
Culver & Cole, patentees, 86. 
Cunningham, Mr., patentee, 52. 
Curing vessel, 186. 
Curtains, paper used for, 203. 
Curtis, Solomon, 67. 
Cushman Brother's mill burned, 

229. 
Cushman, Ephralm, patentee, 133; 

and John R., patentees, 167. 
Cylinder machine, improvements 

in, 85, 150. 
Cylinder-mould machine, Dickin- 
son's, 90. 
Cylinder-moulds, 185, 186. 

Daily Evening Register, Philadel- 
phia, 136. 

Dalton, Mass., 115, 160; mill at, 
67, 209, 226. 

D'Annonay, M. Johannot, imi- 
tates vellum paper, 47 ; re- 
ceives gold medal from the 
king, 47. 

DansvlUe, N. Y., 104. 

Dartford, England, 183, 202. 

Davis, C. P., his mill burned, 224. 

Davis & Moore's mill burned, 225. 

Davis, Pierre J., patentee, 147. 

Davy, Henry, pateni-ee, 97. 



242 



Index. 



Day, Josiah F., his mill burnt, 1 67. 

Dayton, O., 130, 146, 149, 181. 

Debit, William, 100; patentee, 84. 

De Breza, M., inventor, 103. 

Decayed wood for paper, 84. 

Deckles, 162. 

Declaration of Independence, 70. 

Dedham, Mass., 92, 965 manu- 
factory at, burnt, 94. 

Defensive War, discovery of the 
sermon on, 46. 

Degrand, J. V., patentee, 103. 

De Labigarre, P., 54. 

De la Garde, Count, patentee, 80. 

Delavsrare, 43 ; No. of mills in, 
1810, 56 J petitions for a 

tariff, 73- 

Delaware co., Pa., 133. 

Delcambre, M., 80. 

Delevan, E. C, 78. 

Demarara Royal Gazette, 132. 

Demarets, sent to Holland, 42. 

Demers, William, 36. 

Denmark, patent granted by, 72 j 
first machine at, 79 ; imports, 
11,113; number of machines 
in, 1851, 122; mills in, 1874, 
230. 

De Proprietatibus Rerum, 28. 

Derbyshire, England, mill in, 81. 

Desetable, Gabriel, 68. 

De Thou, 29. 

Detroit, 149. 

Devanx, Benjamin, patentee, 
81. 

De Vinne's Invention of Printing, 

17- 
De Wees, William, 34. 
De Worde, Wynken, 28. 
Diamant, Moritz, inventor, 175. 
Diamont, M. Maurice, 149. 
Dickinson, George, patentee, 82. 
Dickinson, John, patentee, 84, 91. 
Dickinson, Mr , 65, 78. 
Didot, 59. 
Didot, Firmin, 79 ; and Brothers, 

patentees, 80. 
Didot, Franijois, 52, 53. 
Didot, Leger, 55. 



Didot, M., 47, 118 ; lawsuit, 66; 

patentee, 147. 
Didot, Roger, 71. 

Discharge pipe and valve, 187. 

District of Columbia, mill in, burnt, 
118. 

Dodge, T. H., patentee, 174. 

Donkin & Co., machinists, 121. 

Donkin, Bryan, 59, 121. 

Donkin, Messrs., 79. 

Donkin, Mr., 61, 82. 

Dorchester, Mass., 193. 

Dorset, James, 44. 

Double volute, 187. 

Dover Mills, Mass., mill at, 167. 

Down of date tree, substitute for 
rags, 201. 

Dresden, paper mill at visited by 
Peter the Great, 11. 

Drouth, mills stopped by long con- 
tinued, 196; long, 217. 

Drying cylinder, 146, 186. 

Dryer fabric, 188. 

Dublin printer's dinner, 97. 

Du Cange, 26. 

Du Halde, 16. 

Dundee Advertiser, 228. 

Dunwell, A. L.,his mill burnt,20i. 

Dupont's mill, 140. 

Dutch, import, 36 ; paper, charac- 
teristics of, 31. 

Duty reduced, 184. 

Dwarf palm, paper from, 119. 

Eagle mill burned, 105, 233. 
East Hartford, Ct , 45, 84, 102, 

173. 
East Indies. 75. 

East Pike, N. Y., mill at, 232. 
East Tarentum, Pa., 180. 
Eaton, A. K., patentee, 194. 
Ebart, inventor, 119. 
Ebersole, J- H., 224. 
Edinburgh, 52, 117, 181. 
Edrisi, 20. 
Edward III, 23. 
Egg boilers, 185. 
Egypt, mill in, 123; mummies 

from, 198. 



Index. 



243 



Egyptian papyrus, 5; paper, 75 com- 
merce of, 7 ; ags, 142 ; cata- 
combs, mummies from, 198. 

Elephanta, island of, 75. 

Elizabeth, queen, 29. 

Elizabethtown, N. J., 37. 

Elkton, Md., izy. 

Ellis, J., & Co.'s mill burnt, 197. 

Elm for paper, 49. 

Elmas, Thomas, 45. 

Ely, bishopric of, 29. 

Eminent^hiladelphians, 70. 

Endless apron, 150. 

Endless feeder, 184. 

Engel, Carl, 231. 

England, 97, 179, 188 ; introduc- 
tion of cotton paper into, 10 ; 
import 11 ; first paper mill 
in, 28; imports from Holland, 
31 ; France, 31 ; French re- 
fugees in, 32, 33 ; number of 
paper mills in 1696, 33; 
value of paper manufactured 
in 1784, 48; excise duty in 
''799> 53 j Fourdrinier 
machine improved in, 68 ; 
machinery of, introduced into 
the United States, 72 ; excise 
duty in 1829, 86 ; excise duty 
1832, 95 J home duty in 
1835, 100 5 number of mills 
in 1840, 1055 product in 
1841, 107 ; Ireland and 
Scotland, number of mills in, 
1843, ^°^ 5 imported rags 
from Leghorn, 115; ma- 
chines in, 117, 119; duty 
1850, 120; prices of rags 
in 1852, 125 ; export of 
rags, 125 ; prices of rags 
in, 136; demand for paper 
in, 136; rise in price of 
paper, 140 ; draw back 
duty on paper, 143, 145 ; 
duty abolished, 174; export 
of rags free, 190; consump- 
tion of paper in 1868, 203 ; 
mills in 1870, 215 ; imports 
of rags from, 228. 



English sulphuric acid, 163. 

English, William, his mill burned, 
126. 

Epilobium, or fireweed for paper, 
224. 

Erigerone of Canada, bark of, for 
paper, 58. 

Escurial palace, 21. 

Esk mills, loi. 

Espartero, paper from, 194. 

Esparto, used as paper stock, 126 ; 
consumption in 1870, 213; 
grass for paper, 200, 214, 221; 
imported into Great Britain, 
183; substitute for rags, 201; 
scarcity of, 213; import of, 
into Lngland, 1872, 226. 

Esperance, N. Y., 74. 

Essex, Vt., mill burnt, 141. 

Essonne, 24, 52; mills at, 27. 

Esty's mill burnt, 154. 

Europe 163, 177; annual product, 
1871, 2I7._- 

European Magazine, 65. 

European markets, resorted to by 
New York and Boston pub- 
lishers, 200. 

Eustathius, 20. 

Evans, John, patentee, 133. 

Evans, Oliver, 69. 

Evaporating furnaces, 215. 

Evarts, Jefterson, patentee, 212. 

Exeter, N. H., mill in, burnt, 97. 

Fabbriano, 26 ; manufactory of 

paper at, 24. 
Factory Village, near Balston, 219. 
Fairchild, Reuben, patentee, 86. 
Fairhaven, Vt., mill at, 52. 
Falls Creek mill, Ithaca, 95, 107. 
Falls of St. Anthony, mill at, 170. 
Fancy papers, duty on, 170. 
Farina, Jean A., 124. 
Farmington, N. Y., 71. 
Farnworth Paper Mills, 157. 
Faw, Jonathan, patentee, 183. 
Fayette Co., Pa., 109. 
Fayette ville, mill at, 214. 
Feed-gate, self acting, 186. 



244 



Index. 



Felt guides, 147. 

Fenclifton Co., Cambridge, Eng- 
land, paper mill at, 29. 

Fen Ditton, England, paper mill 
at, 29. 

Fern plant (bracken), paper from, 

137- 
Fibres of aloes, substitute for rags, 

201. 
Fienour & Nixon, manufacturers, 

Figuier, inventor, 112. 
Filter, 194. 

Flliciing machine, 94. 

Finsley, Mr., inventor of ivory 
paper, 71. 

Fire king, 232. 

Fire-proof paper, 133. 

Firmus, 17. 

Fishes for paper, 21b. 

Fitchburg, Mass., mill at, 218. 

Fladd, John Daniel, 24. 

Flag for paper, 137. 

Flat Rock mills, 199. 

Flax, refuse of, for paper, 56 ; 
plant, 1685 for paper, 170 j 
fibre of, 184 ; substitute 
for rags, 201. 

Fluted rollers, 184. 

Fondasbush, N. Y., ii2. 

Fontenelle, 73. 

Foolscap, 28. 

Force's American Archives, 45. 

Ford's manuscript journal, 60. 

Formosa, island of, 61. 

Fort Edward, N. Y., 163, 166; 
mill at, 198, 218. 

Fort Wayne, Ind., mill near, 
222. 

Foster, Samuel, 94. 

Foster, Samuel E., patentee, 96. 

Fourdrinier, E. N., inventor, 93. 

Fourdrinier, Henry, died^ 139. 

Fourdrinier machine, 60, 61, 68, 
69, 72; improved, 91 ; per- 
fected, 121; speed of, 219; 
wire cloth apron used, 177. 

Fourdrinier, Messrs. Henry and 
Sealy, 60. 



Fourdrinier, Messrs., statement to 
parliament, 62 ; assignment 
of John Gamble to, 62 ; 
exhaust a fortune, 139. 
Fox river, Illinois, mill on, 180. 
France, 22, 25, 26, 84, 97, 164, 
194, 224; paper makers of, 
51 ; mills stopped in, through 
legislative interference, 51 ; 
largest paper mill in 1799, 
53 ; first attempt to make an 
endless web in, 53 j award 
to Louis Robert, 54 ; No. of 
mills in 1801, 56; exports 
57; patents, 505 import 
diminished, 59; No. of mills 
in 1801, 565 first paper 
machine constructed in, 69 ; 
machinery of, introduced into 
the U. S., 72 5 No. of paper 
merchants in 1823, 76; No. 
of paper machines in 1834, 
100 ; exports to Denmark, 
113 ; exported to the U. S., 
1 17 5 annual product, 129; 
import of rags, 1853, 129; 
import of paper, 130; exports, 
131; consumption, per capita, 
131 ; consumption of rags, 
1854, 131 ; paper produced, 
131 J annual produce, 144; 
imports, 1856, 1475 exports, 
147 ; exportation of rags pro- 
hibited, 154, 169; export 
duty on rags, 190; exports 
in 1864, 192, 1945 com- 
mercial treaty with, 194; 
impoits, 1867, 200; exports, 
200; new mills in, 201; 
hand-made paper in, 202; con- 
sumption of paper in 1868, 
2035 importations in 1868, 
204; exports, 1868, 204; 
imports and exports, 1869, 
210; annual production, 
1870, 215;' war in, 216; 
mills in 1871, 217 J mills in, 
1874, 230. 
Franklin, Benjamin, 46. 



Index. 



245 



Franklin Institute, 156. 

Franklin, N. H., 10^ 5 mill at, 
225. 

Franklin, N. J., 148. 

Franklin Repository, 92. 

Frederic II, of Germany, 21. 

Fredericksburg, Denmark, 79. 

Freeman & Bamett's mills burned, 
222. 

Frejus, France, 83. 

French, JThomas, patentee, 94. 

French Academy of Sciences, 42, 
46 ; paper, characteristics of, 
31 ; refugee paper makers, 32, 
33 ; paper hangings, 49; exhi- 
bition, 104; process of bleach- 
ing, 140 ; writing papers, 
167J customs, official statistics 
of, 189; colonies, 231. 

Frog spittle for paper, 54. 

Frosted paper, 217. 

Fry, Richard, 38. 

Fuller, 31. 

Fullum, A. J., his mill burned, 1 97 . 

Fulton, Oswego Co., mill at, 220. 

Gaffstown Centre, N. H., mill at, 
220. 

Gaine, 113. 

Gaine, W. E., patentee, 155. 

Gallic acid, 211. 

Gamble, 59. 

Gamble, John, 55, 63. 

Gandolfi, J., 158. 

Garvey, Levy, 160. 

Gaunt & Derrickson's mill burnt, 
141. 

Gavit's machine, 144. 

Geddes, William, inventor, 162. 

Geis, H. A., his mill burnt, 214. 

Gelston, Sanford, patentee, 173. 

Genesee paper mills, 192. 

Genoa, exports, 112. 

Genoese exports, 36. 

George, John, 29. 

Georgetown, 118. 

Georgia, 174; mills in, 114. 

German, paper makers, I lo ; em- 
pire, mills in, 1868, 205. 

21 



Germantown, Pa., 33, 34. 

Germany, 135,224; introduction 
of cotton paper into, 10 ; im- 
ports, II J No. of mills in, 
1785, 48 ; inferior quality of 
paper in, 1790, 51 ; imports, 
94; export of paper ;n, 1852, 
125 ; high export duty, 155 ; 
mills in 1871, 217 j mills in, 
1874, 230. 

Giersdorf, 138. 

Gilman, Alonzo, patentee, 115. 

Gilpin, machinery first used by, 72. 

Gilpin, Messrs., their mill flooded, 
74 ; burned, 78. 

Gilpin, Thomas, patentee, 91. 

Gilpin, Thomas, & Co., 70. 

Glasgow, 177. 

Glazed paper for clothiers, duty on, 
loi. 

Glazing process, 186. 

Glen's Falls, N. Y., 197 ; mill at, 
221 ; Paper Co., injunction 
against, 215. 

Glycerine, 156. 

Glynn, Henry, patentee, 143. 

Gnaphalie, or life everlasting, for 
paper, 142. 

Gombo, paper from, 231. 

Goodman Manufacturing Com- 
pany, their mill burnt, 121. 

Gorgas, John, 36. 

Goss & Reed's mill burnt, 83, 167. 

Gottingen, Royal Society of, 24, 

39- 
Goucher, Francis, patentee, 94. 
Goumar, M., receives medal, 95. 
Grant, Warren & Co., 164. 
Grantless, Edward, patentee, 145. 
Grape vines, peelings of, for paper, 

41- 

Grass for paper, 131, 168, 170. 

Great Britain, quantity manufac- 
tured in, 1721 and 1723, 36; 
import of rags, 59 ; annual 
product, value of, 68 ; annual 
manufacture of paper in, 98 ; 
duty in, 1838, 103; product 
of paper hangings, 120; 



246 



Index. 



Great Britain, imported rags from 
the United States and Egypt, 
120; import of rags, 1285 in- 
crease of manufactures, 128 5 
value of the annual product, 
1285 manufactures in, 1853, 
129; consumption of rags in, 
131; paper produced, 1854, 
131; exported, 131; exports, 
1854, 135 ; value manufac- 
tured in, 1854, 135; annual 
consumption of rags, 135 ; 
reciprocity treaty with the 
United States, 137; annual 
production, 144 5 product 
of, 154 ; decrease of 
paper charged with duty, 
1858, 1625 complaint of 
paper makers in, 194; im- 
ports 1864, 194; mills in 
1870, 215; mills in 1871, 
217, mills in 1873, 227; 
mills in, 1874, 2305 and 
Ireland, number of machines, 
1847, 113; product 1847, 
113; 1848, 115; manu- 
factures and exports, 1849, 
117; excise duty, 1850, 
119; product in 1850, 
120; in 1851,1205 product 
and export,u852, 124 ; mills 
reduced in, 143 ; consumption 
of rags, 143; paper manufac- 
turers petition parliament,i89. 

Greaves, Mr., 49. 

Greece, paper imported from the 
Two Sicilies, 121 ; not a 
single mill in, 1868, 204; 
imports from Austria, Italy, 
and France, 204; exports 
rags to England and France, 
228. 

Greek parchment, 10, 24. 

Greenleaf & Taylor's mill burnt, 
167. 

Green paper, 72. 

Greenville, Cc, mill at, 201. 

Greenwich, N. Y., mill at, 202. 

Grimpe & Colas, inventors, 1 1 6.- 



Grinder, open, 186. 
Groton, Mass., 108, 126. 
Guarro, Francisco, 55. 
Guettard, M., 39. 
Guienne, France, exports, 59. 
Gunny for paper, 194. 
Gutenberg, 27. 

Gutta percha, 161 ; used to pre- 
vent counterfeiting, 200. 
Guy, Francis, patentee, 61. 
Gypsum, 167. 

Haddam Neck, Ct., 153. 
Haddock, Marsden, patentee, 84. 
Hagerstown, Md., mill at, 146. 
Halifax, 69. 
Hall, Charles H., experimenter, 

143. 
Hall, E. B., patentee, 71. 
Hall, John, patentee, 90. 
Hamburg, imports, 47 j number 

of mills, 48 ; exports rags, 

106, 1545 importation of 

paper, 1848, 115. 
Hammond's mill burned, 223,232. 
Hampden, Me., mills in, burnt, 

100. 
Hampden Paper Company's mill 

burnt, 212. 
Hampshire, 78. 
Hand paper, 28. 
Hanna & Son's mill burnt, 159. 
Hanna, Samuel, his mill burnt, 

166. 
Hannibal, 16. 
Hansard, 52. 

Hardin county, Illinois, 186. 
Hardwick, Mass., 126. 
Harper, James, patentee, 177. 
Harpers import from Belgium, 

200. 
Hartford, Ct., 45, 96, 100. 
Hartford, England, 28. 
Hats, paper used for, 203, 206. 
Hausel, architect, 222. 
Havana, Cuba, 105 ; company 

formed at, 152. 
Hawkins, John, 58. 
Hawley, S. & A., & Co., 64. 



Index, 



247 



Hay for paper, 56, 81, 86. 
Hayward, Henry, patentee, 178. 
Heath, Mr., 70. 
Hemp for paper, 93, 170; refuse 

of, for paper, 5 6 ; cultivated, 

substitute for rags, 201. 
Henchman, Daniel, 37 j his paper 

mill, 38. 
Hendee & Co.'s mill burned, 225. 
Hennessy, Daniel Joseph Patrick, 

died, 139. 
Henrick, Asile, 76. 
Henry II, of France, 28. 
Henry VII, 27. 
Henry VIII, of England, his 

water-mark, 28. 
Herbert's Typ. Antiquities, 28. 
Herculaneum, manuscripts taken 

from the ruins of 16. 
Herkimer, N. Y., 116, 150. 
Herodotus, 6. 
Herrin, J. H., his mill burned, 

208. 
Herring, Richard, 143. 
Hesse, Grand Duchy, iii. 
Hibiscus esculentus for paper, 168. 
Hill, C, 137. 
Hillsdale mill burned, 226. 
Hindoos, 100, 232. 
Hippocrates, Aphorisms of, 19. 
Historical Magazine, 47, 54. 
History of commerce, 32. 
Hodgkins, H., patentee, 147. 
Hodgman & Falser, 218; their 

mill burned, 223. 
Hoes, John R., his mill burnt, 

148. 
Hoffman, Mr., 2. 
Hogan's mill burnt, 205. 
Hohokus, N. J., 149. 
Holbrook, W. H., 182. 
Holbrook & Fessenden, 65. 
Holland, Homer, patentee, 103. 
Holland, Thomas, 69. 
Holland, 46, 224; imports from 

France, 11 ; first paper mill 

in, 32; reputation of paper 

of, 41 ; number of paper 

mills in 1770, 42; 



Holland paper makers petition, 
1 325 export of rags prohibited, 
169; export duty on rags, 
190 J No. of mills in 1870, 
214; mills in 1874, 230. 

HoUingsworth paper mill burned, 
126. 

Hollister paper mills burnt, 112. 

Hollyhock for paper, 139. 

Holmes, Joseph E., 89. 

Holstein, machine in 122. 

Holyoke, Mass., product of mills, 
1868, 2045 mill at, 212; 
daily product of, 208, 227. 

Homer, 20, 50. 

Hong Kong, China, 148. 

Hooper, patent granted to, 49. 

Hooper, Samuel, 51. 

Hop vines for paper, 41, 76; plant, 
paper from, 133. 

Hops for paper, 49 ; substitute for 
rags, 201. 

Hornets' nests for paper, 41. 

Horseradish, stems and roots of, for 
paper, 137. 

Hotchkisstown, 102. 

Hot-pressers, duty on, loi. 

Hough's Jefferson Co., 65. 

Houghton & Graves's mill burnt,. 
156. 

House & Co., experimenters, 153. 

Housatonic, paper mill on, 53}. 
Paper Mill, burnt, 159. 

Hover, J. E., inventor, 204. 

Howard & Son's mill burnt, 217.- 

Howard,James, & Co.'s mill burnt, 

154- 
Howland & Griswold, patentees, 

97- 
Howland & Palser, patentees, 166. 
Howland's mill burnt, 197 5 mill, 

rotary bleacher exploded, 220. 
Howland, Palser & Co.'s mill burnt, 

198. 
Hudson river, mill on, I97 ; 

Paper and Pulp Co.'s mill 

burnt, 233. 
Huepe, la, mill, at, 139. 
Humboldt, Wis., mill at, 208. 



248 



Index. 



Hungary, 155. 

Hunter, Mr., 23. 

Hunter & Patton's mill burnt, 172. 

Hunting, Mason, patentee, 84. 

Husks, paper from, 99 ; of Indian 

corn for paper, 85. 
Hutton, William, 39, 57. 
Huygeron, M., patentee, 72. 
Hydrate of lime, 103. 
Hydrochloric acid, 139. 
Hydrostatic pressure 187. 
Hyperchloride of potash, 133. 

Ibotson, Mr., 95. 

Ibotson, Richard, inventor, 90. 

Iliad, 75. 

Incorrodible paper, 165. 

India, 224. 

Indian corn, husks and stalks for 

paper, 102 j paper from the 

leaves of, 154, 179; for 

paper, 164. 
Indian hemp, substitute for rags, 

201. 
Industrial exhibition, London, i. 
Industrial exhibitions in England, 

France and Germany, 178. 
Ingalls, G. W., his mill burnt, 

149. 
Invention of Printing, De Vinne's, 

Ionian Isles, paper imported from 
the Two Sicilies, 121. 

lonians, 15. 

Ireland, 100 ; number of persons 
engaged in manufacture, 94; 
mills in, 1870, 215. 

Iron, 165 ; filings in paper, 224; 
paper for wrapping, 224. 

Isaacson, Mr., 160. 

Isle Royal, 149. 

Italian ports export rags, 154; 
mills, in charge of foreign 
workmen, 229. 

Italy, 22, 25, I35,_ 224; paper 
made from maize, 43 ; ex- 
ports rags, 106, 126 ; ex- 
port duties in, 189; mills 
in 1871, 217; 



Italy, import of rags from, 228 ; 

mills in, 1874, 230. 
Ithaca, 94. 
Ivory, for paper, 154; shavings 

for paper, 153. 

Jamaica, 178, 184, 2105 market 
affected, 136. 

Janbeaurt, M., inventor, 73. 

Jansen, printer, 30. 

Japan, 224 ; samples of paper 
from, 222. 

Japanese, 16 J mode of preparation 
by the, 8 ; process by the, 
76; beautiful paper of the, 
77; visit Niagara Falls, 217. 

Jaquiers, Jean Jaques, patentee, 

Jaroslow, Russia, mill at, 55. 
Jarvis & French, inventors, 95. 
Java, 211 ; imports, 113. 
Jefferson, 212. 
Jefferson county, N. Y., 104, 144; 

first machinery introduced in, 

96. 
Jersey City, 182. 

Jessup & Lafflin's mill burnt, 128. 
Jessup & Moore, 219; their mill 

burned, 232. 
Jettee for paper, 211. 
Jewish writing master, 175. 
Jeyes, John, patentee, 133. 
Joinville, 21. 
Jones, J. F., 185, 192; inventor, 

181. 
Jordan, Joseph, Jr., patentee, 

173- 
Jordan & Keney, 164. 
Journal de Fabricants des Papier, 

178, 195. \ 

Journal de I'lmprimerie, Belgi- 

que, 140. 
Journal of Commerce, 136. 
Julien, M., patentee, 86. 
JuUion, J. L., patentee, 171. 
Junk board, 192. 
Junk for paper, 93. 
Jury Report, 124; of the London 

exhibition, I. 



Index. 



249 



Jute for paper, 170, 194, 228 5 
(Bengal hemp), substitute for 
rags, 201. 

Kaoline for paper, 173. 
Karcheski, Xavier, patentee, 165. 
Kater kil, mill on the, 188. 
Kayaderosseros, mill stopped, 144 ; 

river, freshet in, 149. 
Keen, Morris L., 1635 patentee, 

187. 
Kelin,jVI., inventor, 132. 
Keller, 1145 patentee, 109. 
Kellogg, J., 92. 
Kellogg, James N., 140. 
Kendall, Messrs , patentees, 165. 
Kent Paper Company, 150. 
Kentucky, No. of mills in, 18 10, 

66. 
Kew, royal gardens at, 231. 
Kilmer, Harlow, killed, 174. 
Kinderhook, mills at, 208 ; creek, 

mill on, 67. 
Kingsland, Joseph, patentee, 125. 
Kingsland, Joseph Jr., patentee, 

148. 
Kinsey, Israel, patentee, 149. 
Kircher, Athanasius, 30. 
Kneeland, J. C, patentee, 115. 
Knight, Charles, 128. 
Knowlton & Rice's mills burnt, 

96, 115. 
Knoxville, Tenn., mill at, 226. 
Koch, Louis, patentee, 143, 151. 
KolesofF, M., 179. 
Koops, Matthias, i ; successful ex- 
periment by, 55, 56. 

Lackville, Nova Scotia, mill at, 

69. 
Lacroix, 88. 

Ladd & Keen, patentees, 158. 
Ladd, W. F., inventor, 191. 
Laferet, M., patentee, 76. 
Laflin, A. H., 116. 
Lafflin, Messrs, 150, their mill 

burnt, 97. 
La Huepe, in Brabant, mills at, 

139. 



Laid note paper, 116. 

Lake Superior, 149. 

Lallemand, J., patentee, 138. 

Lambert, Louis, patentee, 77. 

Lancashire, Eng., 214. 

Landolina, Chevalier, died, 67. 

Land Revenue Records of England, 
29. 

Landrin, M., 231. 

Languedoc, exports, 59. 

L'Auvergne, 69. 

Lavender, B. A., 129. 

Lawrence, Mass., 164, 179; mill 
at, 196. 

Leather, for paper, 161 ; cuttings, 
for paper, 85 ; scraps for paper, 
1845 advance in price, 200 ; 
machine belts, paper substi- 
tuted for, 204 

Leaves, for paper, 132 ; of Indian 
corn for paper, 181. 

Ledger, Philadelphia, 134. 

Lewis, S. G., patentee, 133. 

Lee, Mass., 105, 167 ; mill at, 61, 

159. i74» 196, 198. "o> 
226 ; mill in, burnt, 97 ; 
number of companies in, 123; 
annual product, 123 ; No. of 
mills, 1856, 148 ; consump- 
tion of rags in 1868, 2.04; 
mills in 1874, 218, 229. 

Leesdorf, 25. 

Leesville, Ct., mill at, 218. 

Lefevre, patentee, 80. 

Leffingwell, Christopher, 41 ; 
bounty granted, to, 42. 

Leghorn, 155 ; exported rags to 
England and the United 
States, 115; paper imported 
from the Two Sicilies, 121. 

Leicester, Mass., 190. 

Leipsic, 159. 

Leipzig Correspondent, 205, 230. 

Le Limosin, 69. 

Leorier, M., experiments made at 
the mill of, 49. 

Les Vosges, 69. 

Letter paper, price raised, 177. 

Lichtenstadt, D., patentee, 161. 



250 



Index. 



Lichtenstadt, Philip, patentee,! 89. 

Life everlasting (gnaphalie), for 
paper, 142. 

Lily of tlie valley for paper, 41. 

Lime, 146, 181 ; for paper, 49, 
89; water used, 130; solu- 
tion of, 189. 

Linden, paper made from, 45 ; 
substitute for rags, 201. 

Lindsay, Thomas, inventor, 162. 

Linen, paper, 231; rag paper, 21. 

Linseed oil used, 116. 

Liquorice root for paper, 80. 

Lisbon mill burnt, 213. 

Lisbon. Plains, 213. 

Little Falls, N. Y., 130, 1425 
mill at, 226. 

Lloyd, 221. 

Lloyd's Newspaper, 200. 

Livy, 16. 

Lockland, O., 183. 

Lockwood's Dictionary, 224 ; of 
the Paper Trade, 233. 

Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, 123 

Lombardy, 24. 

London, 104, iii, 178; indus- 
trial exhibition, i ; Society 
for the Encouragement of 
Arts and Manufactures, 
award by, 71 ; custom house 
at, 89 ; Exhibition of In- 
dustry, 124; International 
Exhibition, 176. 

London Economist, 140. 

London Mechanics Magazine,l79. 

London Printers' Register, 51. 

Loosley, Thomas, 45. 

Louisville, Ky., 140. 

Louis XIII, of France, 30. 

Louis XIV, of France, 30. 

Louis XVI, of France, 47. 

Lowe, Henry, 129, 160; experi- 
menter, 145 ; patentee, 173. 

Lower falls, 192. 

Lozanna, M., 58. 

Lydig, David, 75. 

Lymrn, A. S., patentee, 176. 

Lyon, Matthew, 52. 

Lyons, exports, 59. 



Lyons mills burnt, 100. 

McCulloch, 101. 

McElfatrick, James R., 182. 

McFarlane, William, 177. 

McGuaran, J., patentee, 76. 

Mack, Andrus & WoodrufFs mill 
burnt, 107. 

McKerry's mill burnt, 200. 

McMurray, J. & R., patentees, 158. 

Macon, France, 80. 

Macon Telegraph, 174. 

Machine for cutting waste paper, 
68 ; for making paper, 70 ; 
for cutting rags, 82 ; Odent's, 
82; paper cutting, 83; for 
cleansing rags, 84 ; Fourdri- 
nier, 82. 

Machines, in America, 121 ; in 
Austria, no, 121 ; Baden, 
III; Bavaria, in; Connec- 
ticut, 112; Denmark, 121; 
Europe, 121; England, Scot- 
land, and Ireland, 108, 109; 
France, 81, 100, 118, 121 ; 
Florence, 123 ; Germany; 

121 ; Great Britain, 121 , 
Hesse, in ;India, 121; Italy; 
121; Spain, 122; Sweden, 
122; Prussia, I II ; Sardinia, 

122 ; the Two Sicilies, 120 , 
the Zollverein, in. 

Madras, rags exported from, 188. 

Madrid, scarcity of paper, 163. 

Maffei, 25. 

Magaw, patentee, 89. 

Magaw, William, patentee, 81. 

Magee, Richard, patentee, 192. 

Magnesia, silicate of, 187, 189. 

Magnesium, metallic oxide of, 165. 

Maguey plant, paper prepared from, 

9, 86. 
Maguire, Mr., 194. 
Maidstone, England, 40, 127. 
Maize, paper made from, 43 ; or 

Turkish wheat for paper, 150, 

177. 
Maiden Bridge, 142, 146. 
Mallows, substitute for rags, 201. 



Index. 



251 



Malloy, J. E., patentee, 172. 

Malta, imports paper from the 
Two Sicilies, 121. 

Manayunk, Pa., 134, 195, 199, 
Z14 ; near Philadelphia, mill 
at, 191. 

Manchester, Ct., 93 ; mill at, 154. 

Manchester, England, 39, 188 ; 
paper makers meeting at, 21 3. 

Manchester, Va., mill at, 199. 

Maniere, E., patentee, 133. 

Manilla for paper, 170, 1945 
Paper Manufacturing Com- 
pany, 174; handkerchief, 
211; paper manufacturers, 
meeting of, 222. 

Manlius, N. Y., mill at, 177. 

Mann & Laflin's factory burned, 
219. 

Mansell, J., 124. 

Manures, vegetable remains of, 
for paper, 137. 

Marcellus, N. Y., 124. 

Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, 

.39- 
Marietta, Ga., mills rebuilt, 202. 
Mariottstown, Md., 126. 
Marland, Obadiah, patentee, 138. 
Marseilles, 73. 
Marshall, Michigan, 203. 
Marsh mallow, paper made of, 48. 
Martin, Gen. Walter, 62. 
Martin, R. & J. C, patentees, 

137- 

Martinique, 106. 

Martinsburg, N. Y., mill at, 62, 
96. 

Martonoi, G., patentee, 142. 

Maryland, convention at, 44 ; 
No. of mills in 18 10, 66. 

Marzoni, Charles, patentee, 158. 

Massachusetts, 43 ; general court 
of, grant a patent, 37 ; house 
of representatives, resolution 
of, 45; duties in 1785 
48 ; mills of, product of, 66 
No. of mills in 1810, 66 
No. of paper mills in 1829 
87; manufactures i860, 165 



Massachusetts, legislature of, 
Boston publishers appear 
before the, 188 ; value of 
manufactures, 197; value of 
paper consumed in, 230. 

Masse d'eau for paper, 41. 

Mason, D. & D. S., & Co.'s mill 
burnt, 178. 

Matthiessen, Dr., 210. 

Mauritius, Petrus, 20. 

Maynard, John and George, their 
mill burned, 126. 

May & Rogers's mill burned, 220. 

Mazarine Bible, 27. 

Meadville, Pa., 81, 89. 

Mecca, 18. 

Mechanicsville, 197. 

Meerman, Gerardus, 40. 

Melbourne, Australia, manufacture 
of paper commenced near, 
205. 

Mellier, A. C, 141, 205; pat- 
entee, 151. 

Mellier's process, 134. 

Memphis, manufactories at, 15. 

Mercury, bichloride of, 216. 

Mesnil, mill at, 79. 

Mexicans, ancient, 9. 

Mexico, imports, 112; gulf of, 
231. 

Meyerhofer, John, 163. 

Michaux, 160. 

Michigan, 209. 

Middlebrook mill burned, 226. 

Middleburgh, N. Y., steam mill 
at, 190. 

Middlebury, Vt., mill at, 223. 

Millboards, duty on, loi, 170. 

Millbourn, Joseph, 183. 

Miller & Churchill's mill burned, 
226. 

Miller, Enoch, patentee, 83. 

Million, Henry, 32. 

Mill river, Mass., 208. 

Mills, S. S., patentee, 158. 
Milton, Mass., 37, 85, 161 ; mill 

at, 90. 
Milton, Saratoga Co., 2o5. 
Milton, Vt., mill at burnt, 84. 



252 



Index. 



Milwaukie, mill at, 201. 

Minnesota, first mill in, 170. 

Mobile Register, 216. 

Mongolian races, 232. 

Montargis, mill at, 53. 

Montfaucon, 18, 22. 

Montgolfier, M., 88. 

Montholon, 29. 

Montpelier, Vt., mill at, 83. 

Montserrat, Went Indies, 147. 

MontviUe, Ct., 221. 

Moore, G. & W. U., their mill 
burnt, 188. 

Moorish paper makers, 19. 

Moors, 10. 

Moorva for paper, 211. 

Moreau, N. Y., mill at, 64. 

Moriches, L. I., mill at, 234. 

Morning Post, 157. 

Morse's mill burnt, 167. 

Moscow, paper makers sent to, 1 1 

Mosher, Haight & Co.'s mill 
burned, 206. 

Moss for paper, 41, 49, 77, 81, 
149. 

Mothwort for paper, 41. 

Mount Holly Springs, Pa., mill 
at, 207. 

Mulberry, for paper, 41 ; substi- 
tute for rags, 201 5 tree, for 
paper, 77 ; inner bark of, for 
paper, 7. 

Mullin & Parker's mill burned, 
223. 

.Mullin, W. B., & Son's boiler 
bursted, 207. 

Mummies, stripped for rags, 149. 

Muscovy mats for paper, 38. 

Musty literature, 191. 

Nantes, France, 173. 

Napoleon, 75. 

Nassau, Germany, 112. 

Nassau, Rens. Co., N. Y., mill 

burnt, 151. 
Needham, Mass., mills at, 206. 
Nepal paper, 123. 
Nesbit, A., patentee, 77. 
Netherlands, imports, 113. 



Nettles for paper, 49. 

Neustadt Elberwald, 119., 

Neustadt, Germany, 222. 

Nevin, J. N., 139. 

Newark, N. J., mill at, 201. 

New Baltimore, Greene Co., N. 
Y., 159. 

Newbern, N. C, mill at, 218. 

Newbery, W. B., patentee, 193. 

Newbury, Vt., 94. 

Newcastle-on-Tyne, 183. 

New England, 159; first paper 
mill in, 37. 

New Hampshire, 43 ; No, of mills 
in, 1810, 66; No. of mills 
in, 1840, 105. 

New Haven, 102 ; mill near, 227. 

New Jersey, 43, 221. 

New London, Ct., 217. 

New Orleans Bulletin, 114. 

Newspaper, price in 1863, 188; 
selling in London, rage for, 
209. 

Newton Lower Falls, Mass., 162; 
mills at, burnt, 100. 

Newton, Mass., 67. 

New York, 33, 36, 96, 125, 155, 
158, 163, 189, 201 ; pro- 
vincial congress, application 
to, 45 ; resolution of, 45 ; 
scarcity of paper in, 47 : No. 
of mills in 1810, 66; census 
of 18 10, 67 ; consumption of 
paper in 1828, 81 ; value of 
paper imports, 131; Paper 
Maker's Circular, 141 ; Mer- 
cantile Library, 144; imports 
in 1863, 187; capitalists, 
192,- import of rags, 1869, 
212; paper maker's meeting 
at, 213; city, 151, 172,173. 
175, 176, 182, 191, 192; 
consumption, of paper, 146; 
scale of prices, 1865, 196. 

New York Commercial Adver- 
tiser, 228. 

New York Journal of Commerce, 

95- 
New York Times, 136. 



Index. 



'^S3 



New York Tribune, 136, 160. 
New Zealand flax, substitute for 

rags, 201. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y., 140, 160, 

170; Paper Mill Company, 

180 ; mill at, 218. 
Nicholas, 29. 
Nile river, 149. 
Niles's Weekly Register, 88. 
Nine-mijg river, mill on, 69. 
Nitrate, of ammonia, 192; of 

soda, 189. 
Nitric acid, 168, 173. 
Nixon, Martin, patentee, 161,163. 
Nixon's mill burnt, 191. 
Nolan, Samuel, inventor, 131. 
Noonan & McNab's mill burned, 

208. 
North Amherst,Mass., mill at,i59, 

229. 
Northampton, Mass., 167, 206. 
North Bennington, Vt., mill at, 

156, 172. 
North Carolina, No of mills, 135. 
North Esk, Scotland, 63, 181. 
Norway and Sweden, mills in, 

1874, 230. 
Norwich, Ct., 41 ; mill at, 145. 
Nova Scotia, first newspaper in, 226. 
Numa. 15; abolished by critics, 
Nuremberg, 22, 25, 26. 

Oak for paper, 49. 

Obry, Mr., 80. 

Ochs, Lasare, patentee, 146. 

Odent, Victor, patentee, 82. 

Ogdensburg, N. Y., mill at, 184. 

Ohio newspaper publishers, meet- 
ing of, 195. 

Okainon, 76. 

Okra plant for paper, 216. 

Old Hadley, Mass., 127. 

Olier, Joseph Prosper, patentee, 
189. 

Oneida county, 65. 

Ontario Paper Mills burned, 220. 

Guvrard, contractor, 50. 

Overland Mail, 148. 

Oxalic acid, 189. 

22 



Oxychloride of zinc, 171. 

Pacific mills, 145. 

Padua, establishment of paper 
making at, 24. 

Pails, paper used for, 203. 

Palmer Falls, N. Y., mill at, 233. 

Palmer, James, patentee, 82. 

Palser & Howland, patentees, 163. 

Pannartz, 27. 

Paper, Japanese, used for water 
proof clothing, 9; makers of 
Spain, 105 in France, ii; 
mill, first in America, 11 ; 
first imported from the Corea,, 
16; hangings, French, duty 
abolished, 49 5 cutting ma- 
chine, 83, 96; manufac- 
turers, publish a protest, 126; 
requisites in for general use, 
131; rise in the price of, 
136, 180, 191, 228; Maker's 
Circular, New York, 141 ; 
increase in the consumption 
of, 167; rag engines, 169;. 
hangings, 188 ; duty on, 170} 
manufacturers, meeting of, 
172; making, treatise on, 
178; twine made of, 180} 
boards, 185 ; consumption of, 
195; price reduced, 196; 
aprons worn by news girls, 
209 : grass, cultivated by the 
English, 209 ; annual pro- 
duction of, 228 J from the 
stalks and leaves of plants, 
232; mill run, 11, 33. 

Paper Trade Journal, 25, 27, 32, 
78, 97, 123, 164, 19s, 225, 
226, 227, 229, 231, 239. 

Paper Trade Reporter, 119, 143, 
215, 218, 219, 222, 227. 

Papier continue, 86. 

Papier linge, 88. 

Papier velin, 40 5 definition of, 47. 

Papiers peints, 38. 

Papyrus, 6 ; earliest mention of the 
use of, 15; Numa's works 
upon, 15; scarcity of, j6; 



254 



Index. 



Papyrus, taken from the ruins of 
Herculaneum, i6 ; found in 
the island of Elephanta, 75; 
complete specimen sold, 50 ; 
cultivated, 231. 

Paraffine, 196. 

Parchment, 5; Greek, 10; al- 
luded to by Herodotus, 15; 
mode of dressing, 16; cloth, 
19; paper, 155 5 substance 
resembling, 156. 
Paris, 27, 78, loi, ui, 124, 
132, 147, 178, 189; Royal 
Library at, 19 j university of, 
30 ; quantity of paper con- 
sumed in 1826, 79; exposi- 
tion, 1445 the oldest rag 
picker in, died, 157; docks 
established to accommodate 
paper makers, 193 ; conven- 
tion of paper makers, 193 ; 
exhibition, 202 ; daily con- 
sumption of paper, 205 5 
trade active in, 213. 

Parliament, paper manufacturers 
petition, 189. 

Parker, F. S., & J., 222. 

Parker, F. S., died, 222. 

Parker, J. G. , & Co.'s mill burnt, 
222. 

Parker, Messrs., their mill burnt, 
140. 

Parks, S. A., & Co.'s mill burnt, 

159- 
Parmevyritz, Herr von, inventor, 

138. 
Partridge, James, his mill burnt, 

203. 
Pasteboard, scraps for paper, 80 ; 

duty on, 100, 170; from beet 

root, 149. 
Paterson, N. J., 1 18. 
Patterson, J. H., patentee, 172. 
Paulin, R., his mill burnt, 199. 
Peabody, Daniel, & Co.'s paper 

mill burnt, 102. 
Peaslee, Horace W., patentee, 

142, 146. 
Peat, paper from, 100. 



Peck, E., & Co.'s mill burnt, 81. 

Pederia foetida for paper, 211. 

Peignot, 24, 60. 

Pemberton, Henry, patentee, 180. 

Pendleton, Eng., 229. 

Pennsylvania, 36, 43, 94 5 council 
of safety of, prevent paper 
makers from volunteering, 
46; No. of mills in, i8io, 
66 ; petitions for a tariff, 73. 

Penny Magazine, 98. 

Pennypacker's mill burned, 233. 

Pepperell, Mass., mill at, 225. 

Perforated diaphragm, 187, 191. 

Pergamus, improved parchment, 
16. 

Perham, Charles, his mill burnt, 
108. 

Perigord, France, 34. 

Perkins, E. L., patentee, 134, 
166. 

Perrin's mill burnt, 203. 

Persians, 232. 

Peter II, of Valencia, 23. 

Peter the Great, 11 ; established 
paper mill at Dresden, II, 

35- 

Peter the Venerable, 20. 

Peterborough, N. H., 115. 

Peterhoff manufactory built, 68 ; 
Russian manufactory at, 1 10. 

Petroleum, for tracing paper, 222. 

Petticoats, of paper, 212. 

Pharoahs, rags from the land of, 
149. 

Phelps & Field's paper mill burnt, 
105. 

Phelps, George M., patentee, 1 1 5. 

Phelps & SpafFord, Messrs., ma- 
chinists, 90. 

Phelps, N. Y., mill at, 220. 

Philadelphia, 65, 96, 151, 155, 
161, 163, 190,204; mills 
near, 90; imports in 1863, 
187. 

Philadelphia Bulletin, 156. 

Piercy, James, patentee, 172. 

Piersse & Brooks's mills burnt, 
145- 



Index. 



■^ss 



Piette, Louis, died, 178. 
Pigna cloth, 212. 
Pine, Edward, patentee, 92. 
Pine for paper, 41 ; wood, paste- 
board from, 226 ; wood of 

for paper, 138. 
Pine apple of India for paper, 211. 
Pioneer paper mill burned, 206. 
Pitkin, Elislia, 54. 
Pittsburg, Pa., mill at, 69, 76. 
Pittsfield^Mass., 160, 172. 
Plantain, paper from, 152. 
Platner & Smith's mill burnt,i59; 

boiler exploded, 167. 
Plees, W., patentee, 57, 
Plenarium of the treasure of the 

♦ church of Sandersheim, 19. 
Pliny, 15, 16, 17. 
Plymouth Co., Mass., 82. 
Pochin, H. D., 179.- 
Pocket handkerchiefs, paper for, 

223. 
Pohl, Henry, 118. 
Poisson, Louis Pierre, patentee, 

80. 
Poitiers, France, 195. 
Poitou, mills at, 50 ; exports, 59. 
Pope, petition to, 27 ; king's 

hatred of, 28. 
Poplar for paper, 49, 103, 199, 

221 . wood for paper, 192. 
Port Dickinson, N. Y., mill at, 

208, 223. 
Portland, Me., 143, 167, 209. 
Porto Rico, imports from Spain, 

115. 
Portsmouth, N. H., 193. 
Portugal, export of rags prohibited, 

169 ; mills in, 1874, 230. 
Post Office Directory, 227. 
Post paper,3i. 

Potash, 161, • 

Potatoes for half stuff, 188 ; for 

paper, 188. 
Pot paper, 28. 
Potter, Messrs., 38. 
Poulson's Daily Advertisor, 70. 
Poumarede, in venter, 112. 
Press-rolls, 185, 186. 



Price of paper, 200 ; reduced, 96. 
Prices, scale of, 196. 
Priestley, J., & Co., 142. 
Priestley, John, died, 227. 
Prince of Wales Island Gazette, 

71- 

Printer, the, 196. 

Printers' Circular, 217, 232. 

Printers' Register, 221. 

Printers, paper makers and book- 
sellers united, 75. 

Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, 29. 

Proteaux, 17. 

Providence, R. I., 83. 

Prussia, No. of mills, 1846, ill; 
king of, specimens of paper 
presented to, 138; high ex- 
port duty, 155 ; export duty 
in rags, 190; new pulping 
process devised in, 220. 

Ptolemies, 75. 

Ptolemy Philadelphus, 16. 

Publisher's Circular, 174. 

Pulp dresser, 91, 96 ; superseded, 
94 ; boilers, 1855 strainer, 
183. 

Putney, Vr., 72. 

gueen Anne, 1 69 ; her impost, 

34- 
guincy. 111., mill at, 214. 
Quirini, patentee, 87. 
Quinnipiac mill burned, 227. 

Rag engine, 162; improvement in, 
183. 

Rag picker, the oldest m Pans 
died, 157. 

Rag pickers, 169. 

Rags, linen and cotton, 4; adver- 
tised for in Albany, 58; 
Indian, 50; inTroy, N. Y., 
52; plentiful in Russia, 56; 
exportation prohibited in 
Russia, 56; homily on saving, 
57, 58 ; appeal for, in Eng- 
land, 59 ; in Martinsburg, 
N. Y., 62; at Schenectady, 
63 ; at Moreau, N. Y., 64 . 



256 



Index, 



Rags, began to be imported in the 
U. S., 67 ; yearly value of, 
gathered in the U. S., 71 ; 
duty on in England, 89 ; 
cleaning, mode of, 93 ; col- 
ored and filthy for paper, 93 ; 
imported into the United 
States, 1854, 138 5 export 
duty on abolished in Er.gland, 
1 39; import duty taken off by 
congress, 179 ; substitutes 
for, 201; imported into the 
U. S., 1872, 225. 
Rahway, N. J., 151. 
Raleigh, N. C, 106. 
Ramee of Malay (Urtica tena- 

cissima) fur paper, 21 1. 
Randel, A., patentee, 175. 
Ratisbon, 41, 43. 
Ravensburg, 22. 
Raw cotton for paper, 93. 
Reaumur, 35. 
Red Hook, Brooklyn, N. Y., 

205. 
Red pine for paper, 138. 
Redstone creek. Pa., mill on, 109. 
Reed cane of the Carolinas for 

paper, 207. 
Reeds, paper from, 160. 
Rees's Encyclopedia, 65, 75. 
Refuse leather for paper, 90, 146. 
Regenshurg, 43. 

Revue Bib. du Pays Bas, 76, 77. 
Rheea, from China, for paper, 21 1. 
Rhinbeck, mill at, 205. 
Rhode Island, 43 ; No. of mills 

in 18 10, 66. 
Rice, Alexander A., Boston paper 

dealer, 230. 
Rice, Clark, 98. 
Rice, Thomas Jr., his mill burnt, 

162. 
Rice-paper, Chinese, 61 ; from 

Japan, 222. 
Richard I, of England, 21. 
Richmond, John, patentee, 133. 
Rinteln, university of, 20, 
Rising Sun, Md., mills near, 224. 
Rittenhouse, Nicholas William, 34. 



Ritter, Mr., 92. 
Rittinghuysen, William, 11. 
Rittinghuysen (Rittenhouse), 

William, 33. 
Rive, Abbe, 5. 
River pollution caused by esparto, 

overcome, 214. 
Robert, Louis, 69 ; inventor, 52, 

S3. 54, 55 ; lawsuit, 66. 
Robert, M., 59. 
Robert's paper machine, 60. 
Robert's paper mill burnt, 109. 
Robertson, John, 217. 
Rochester, N. Y., 107, 181, 185; 

mill burnt, 81. 
Rochester Paper Company, 192. 
Rock city, 140, 174. 
Rock River Paper Co., 218. 
Rockton, 111., mill at, 200. 
Rocques, M., 105. 
Rodgers, H. E., his mill burnt,203. 
Roger's Ford, Pa., 141, 163, 187. 
Roger, king of Sicily, diploma of, 

19- 

Roman states, machines in, 123. 

Romans, paper of, 6. 

Rome, papyrus found at, 15 ; 

paper imported from the Two 

Sicilies, 121 ; exporation of 

rags prohibited, 153. 
Rondeaux & Henn, patentees, 85. 
Roofing-felt, 208. 
Roofing, paper used for, 2O3. 
Rope for paper, 93, 168. 
Roque, M. Adolphe, 122. 
Rose, Robert, 102. 
Rosin, 163, 166, 179; soap, 179, 

180. 
Rossman, Stephen, inventor, 157. 
Rotating cylinder, 184. 
Roth, J. A., patentee, 151, 190. 
Rotten stone, for paper, 37. 
Rouen, decrease of exports from, 

38. 
Roxborough, Pa., 11, 33. 
Roxbury, Mass., 134. 
Royal Library at Paris, 19. 
Royal river paper mill burned, 
212. 



Index. 



257 



Royal Society of Gottingen, 24. 
Royal Society of Science of Gottin- 
gen, premium offered, 39, 41; 
prize medal for the discovery 
of the most ancient linen 
paper, 24. 
Royal Society's garden, London, 

231. 
Rushes for paper, 137. 
Russell, E. P., his mill burnt, 177. 
Russell*; Co.'s mill burnt, 196. 
Russia, imports, 11 ; No. of mills 
in 1801, 56 ; matting for 
paper, 99 ; paper making in, 
1805, 106 ; No. of paper 
mills, 150; annual product, 
179; export duty on rags re- 
duced, 193 ; price of rags in- 
creased 203 ; mills in 1871, 
217; mills in 1874, 230. 
Russian mills run by English and 

Germans, 229. 
Rutledge. G. E., 181. 
Ryan, George W., his mill burnt, 

124. 
Rye straw for paper, 166, 208. 

Saardam, number employed in 
paper making in, 1770,44; 
exports, 43. 

Saccarappa, mill at, 167. 

Safer, M., his mill burnt, 106. 

Safety paper, 180, 189; improve- 
ment in, 178. 

St. Blaise monastery, 27. 

St. Charles, 111., 197; paper mill 
burned, 197. 

St. Domingo, 48 

St. Louis, 21, 138. 

St. Paul, Minn., consumption of 
paper in, 170. 

St. Paul's Cathedral, 140. 

Sal ammoniac, 162. 

Salisbury, Marquis of, 54. 

Sallow willow for paper, 49. 

Salt grass, 90. 

Samarcand, 10; manufactory of 
paper at, 18. 

Sandersheim, 19. 



Sanderson, Mr., patentee, 90. 
Sandy Hill, N. Y., 147 ; 222 ; mill 

at, 208, 220, 223. 
Saracens, 18, 25. 
Saratoga CO., N. Y., 200 ; mill in, 

199; mills in, 1867, 201 ; 

run on half time, 202. 
Saratoga Whig, 140. 
Sardinia, machines in, 185 1, 122; 

value of product, 1848, 1 15. 
Satterly, John, his mill burnt,l30. 
Sauce pans, paper for, 223. 
Saugerties, N. Y., 25 ; mill at, 

225. 
Saunders, T. H., 144, 202. 
Saunderson, Isaac, patentee, 85. 
Savannah Republican, 114. 
Sawdust, for paper, 41 ; and shav- 
ings for paper, 210. 
Sawyer, James, patentee, 94. 
Saxony, number of mills, 1847, 

113. 
Schaffers, 87. 

Schaffers, Jacob Christian, 41,43. 
Scaghticoke, 172. 
Schaumburg, count of, 21. 
Scheele, discoverer of chlorine, 43. 
Schenectady, 63. 
Schoharie bridge, N. Y., mill at, 

65- 

Schoharie co., N. Y., 74. 

School books, annual cost, 188. 

Schuyler, John F., patentee, 181. 

Schuylerville, N. Y., mill at, 190, 
214. 

Schuylkill, the, 141, 199. 

Scientific American, 158, 169, 
176. 

Scripus lacustae, 223. 

Scotch fern for paper, 145. 

Scotland, 33, 137, 228; draw- 
back duty on paper, I43> 
145 ; mills in, 1870, 215. 

Scraper, 18 5. 

Scutari, manufactory at, destroyed, 
63. 

Seaweed for paper, 72, 97, 142. 

Seba, 38. 

Seceded states, mills in, 174. 



258 



Index. 



Seguin, M., inventor, 55. 

Selim III, sultan, assassinated, 63. 

Sellers, experimenter, 188. 

Sellers, Coleman, patentee, 96. 

Sellers, George Escor, 193. 

Sellers, G. S., 186. 

Sellers Landing, 111., 193. 

Serapeum, 50. 

Serrated rubbers, 173. 

Seratula ervensis, for paper, 58. 

Seymour, Ct., 162; mill at, 222. 

Sharp, Mr., patentee, 78. 

Sharp's Gazetteer, 124. 

Sharpless, Huskins, & Wallace's 
mill burnt, 109. 

Shavings of wood for paper, 158. 

Shaw, Edmund, 102. 

Sheathing paper, duty on, loi. 

Sheffield, J. B., his mill burned, 
225. 

Sheridan, 202. 

Shetucket river, 201. 

Shirley, Mass., 102. 

Shirt bosoms, paper used for, 203. 

Shirts, paper, 206. 

Shryock, G. A., 88. 

Shushan, mill burnt, 203. 

Sicily, 25, 67 5 paper imported 
from the Two Sicilies, 121. 

Sieve, 187; cylinder, 181. 

Silesian linen, 88. 

Silicate of magnesia, 187, 189. 

Silk, refuse, 7 ; not suitable for 
making paper,- 7 ; weed, sub- 
stitute for rags, 201 ; grass, 
212. 

Simon, G. E., patentee, 142. 

Simonds, Case & Co., mill of, 
burnt, 71. 

Simmons, Pefer, 105. 

Sinclair, James, 137. 

Sizing, 79 ; and glazing, 84. 

Skins used for writing upon, 15. 

Smart, Messrs., 165. 

Smill & Bell's mill burned, 127. 

Smith, Edward, theorist, 67. 

Smith, Elijah, his mill burned, 
224. 

Smith, Llizur, his mill burnt, 196. 



Smith Paper Co.'s mills, 220. 
Smith, Tompkins & Co.'s mill 

burned, 206. 
Smith, W. W., his mill burned, 

222. 
Smithsonian Institution library, 

43- 

Smyrna, 155; mill at, 123. 

Snow flake paper, 217. 

Society of Agriculture, 58. 

Society for the Diffusion of useful 
Knowledge, 98. 

Society for the encouragement of 
Arts, confer medal, 49. 

Society of Sciences, Pa., premium 
offered by, 48. 

Soda, 181 ; mode of recovering, 
173; ash, 179, 180, 183. 

Solution of lime, 189. 

Sorbonne, Paris, 5. 

Sorghum for paper, 180. 

Sorgo, Chinese sugar cane, for 
paper, 180. 

South Carolina, 174 ; provincial 
congress of, offered a pre- 
mium for mill, 44; No. of 
mills in 1810, 66. 

South Dedham, Mass., mills at, 
197. 

South Hadley, Mass., 121 ; mill 
at 1985 store house burnt,8o ; 
falls, Mass., mill at, 77. 

Southern India, 21 1. 

Spain, 126, 224; imports from 
France, 1 1 ; art decayed in, 
36 ; No. of mills in, 1800, 
55; imports, 112; exports, 
1848, 115; machines in 
1851, 122; annual product, 
122; export of rags prohibi- 
ted, 169; mills in, 1871,217; 
mills in, 1874, 230. 

Spanish grass for paper, 194; 
broom .substitute tor rags, 20 1 . 

Sparganium, paper from, 142. 

Spark of Friendship, Churchyard's, 
29. 

Spartum, 16; or water broom for 
paper, 124, 126. 



Index. 



^59 



Spent liquor, 215. 

Spielman, 29. See Spilman. 

Spilman, 27. 

Spilman, Master, 29. 

Spindle tree for paper, 49. 

Spittoons, paper used for, 203. 

Sponge paper, 215. 

Springfield, Mass., 50, 78, 82, 
94,99, loi, 103, 113, 115, 
127,167, 177; mills at, 192. 

Spring%ld, Vt., mill at, 197. 

Stalks of Indian corn for paper 181. 

Staple fibre, 1 66. 

Starch, 165. 

Starin, Henry W., his mill burnt, 74. 

Steam, curing vegetable fibre by, 
186 J application of, 1935 
guns, 185. 

Steubenville, Ohio, mill at, 159. 

Stevenson, Mr., 68. 

Stewart Paper Co.'s mills burned, 
222. 

Stiff, G., parentee, 130. 

Stiles, Francis, patentee, 162. 

Stillwater, N. Y., 197; mill at, 
206. 

Stimpson, Solomon, inventor, 72. 

Stockholm, imports, 47. 

Stockport, N. y., 174; mill at, 
67, 208. 

Stone for paper, 145. 

Storer, Jacob, inventor, 193. 

Storm, Joseph, patentee, 169. 

Storms & Corsa's boiler exploded, 
209. 

Straw, for paper, 56, 76, 77, 81, 
85, 131, 132, 140, 161, 168, 
194; paper, 216; firstattempt 
to manufacture, 39 ; first useful 
paper manufactured from, 54 j 
process for depriving of its 
silex, 131; process for con- 
verting into paper, 132; paper 
improved, 165, 175; manu- 
facturers, meeting of, 194; 
increase in price of, 195 ; for 
wrapping, 208; price increased, 
208 ; in the U. S., 219 ; 
board for lining houses, 218. 



Stromer, Ulman, 25, 26. 

Stuart, I. C, patentee, 153. 

Stuffing boxes, 182. 

Sturgis, C. F., patentee, 151. 

Stuyvesant, N. Y., 157 ; falls, 
paper mill at, 54, 148. 

Suffield, Ct., 73, 233. 

Sugar cane f)r paper, 170. 

Sulphate of lime, 165. 

Sulphuric acid, 155, 190. 

Sultarua, paper from the bark of, 
100. 

Sun, New York, 136. 

Sun, The, 82. 

Swamp-flag, for paper, 188. 

Swann, John, 83. 

Sweden, 99 ; imports, 11 ; number 
of mills in 1800, 47; ma- 
chines in 1851, 122; No. of 
mills in 1865, 195; mills in 
1871. 217. 

Sweet, Sydney A., inventor, 98. 

Sweynlieim, 27. 

Swingle tow for paper, 137. 

Switzerland, 224; imports from 
France, ■ 1 1 ; first paper mill 
in, 27; machines in, 123; 
annual product, 123 ; mill 
in, 179 ; mills in 1871, 217 j' 
mills in, 1874, 230. 

Syracuse Standard, 149. 

Syrians, 232. 

Szelelmey, M., inventor, 207. 

Table tops, paper used for, 203. 
Taft, Frederick A., patentee, 92, 

96. 
Taft, manufactory of, burnt, 94, 
Taishi, 18. 
Tait, A. H., 182. 
Tallman's mill burnt, 184. 
Tan, refuse for paper, 104. 
Tanned leather waste for paper, 

146. 

Tannin extracted, 162. 
Tapestry, paper used for, 203. 
Tarrytown, 191. 
Tate, John, 28. 
Taylor & Co.'s mill burnt, 204. 



26o 



Index. 



Taylor & D arrow, 223. 
Taylor, John H., died, 223. 
Taylor, N. W., patentee, 179. 
Taylor, T. G., patentee, 133. 
Tchuma of Assam (Urtica nivea) 

for paper, 211. 
Temesvar, 150. 
Tenan, Gilbert, 46. 
Tennessee, No. of mills in, 18 10, 

66. 
Tenney's mill burnt, 213. 
Terry, Dr., experimenter, 149. 
Theodoric abolished duty on paper, 

7; on papyrus, 17. 
Thibetans, 100. 
Thistle for paper, 49, 56, 137; 

stalks for paper, 41, 49. 
Thomas, 66. 
Thomas & Woodcock, pate.ntees, 

Thuringian states, iii. 

Tibrillia leather, 184. 

Ticknor & Fields import from 
London, 200. 

Tileston & HoUings worth's store- 
house burnt, 161. 

Tilia americana, i88. 

Times, London, 140, 141 ; daily 
consumption of paper, 1855, 
140; 1868, 205. 

Times, the, 226. 

Tiraboschi, 23. 

Todd & Brother's mill burned, 
127. 

Toledo mills, Spain, 19. 

Tompkins CO., N. Y., 95. 

Toronto, Canada, 168. 

Tow for paper, 93. 

Towgood, Mr., patentee, 96. 

Trash of the sugar cane, for paper, 
177. 

Traveling furnace, 192. 

Treatise against the Jews, 20. 

Treatise on Corn, 83. 

Trenton, N. J., 141 ; mills sus- 
pended in, 176. 

Treviso, 25. 

Trieste, 106, 155 j exports to the 
United States, 118. 



Tripot, M., patentee, 97. 

Troy, N. Y., first mill at, '52, 92, 

115, 165. 
Troyes, 24 ; mills at, 27. 
Truman, Joseph, 99. 
Trumbull, Ct., 86. 
Trunks of paper, 200. 
Tules for paper, 223. 
Turin, Italy, 58, 79 5 experiments, 

Turkey, mills in 1871, 217. 
Turkish wheat, paper made from, 

43> I50> 177; empire, 123 ; 

ports, rags exported, 1872—3, 

229. 
Turner, G. W., 125. 
Turner, Mr., patentee, 93. 
Turner's Falls, Mass., 221. 
Turnhout, Belgium, 77. 
Turpentine, 152, 161. 
Tuscan rags, 136. 
Tuscany, mills in, 123. 
Twine made of paper, 180. 
Twitch or couch grass for paper, 

133. 
Twaddle's hygrometer, 147. 
Two Sicilies, number of machines 

in 1851, 121 ; product, 121. 
Two Waters, England, 61. 
Typographical miscellany, 52. 
Tyringham, Mass., 98, 124; 

mill at, 206. 

United Kingdom, number of 
persons engaged in the trade, 
in 1840, 105 ; excise duty in 
1845, III. 

United States, No. of mills in 
1810, 66; began to import 
rags, 67 ; No. of mills in 
1812, 68; No. of mills in 
1814, 69; quantity manu- 
factured in 1814, 69; yearly 
value of rags gathered in the, 
71; machinery began to be 
introduced from Europe, 72 ; 
annual product, 73 ; news 
paper; required in 1828, 82; 
productin 1829, 88 ; 



Index. 



261 



United States, impetus given to 
the manufacture in, 93 5 value 
of manufacture in 1832, 95 ; 
imports and exports, 1838, 
1839, 104 ; imports and 
exports, 1840, 106; im- 
ports and exports, 1841, 
107 j number of per- 
sons employed, 108; pro- 
duct, 1847, 114; imports, 
1847, 1848, 114; exports, 
114; impcsted rags from 
Leghorn, 115; paper from 
Belgium, 116; from Italy, 
X16; exports, 117; export, 

1850, 118; import of rags 
from Trieste, 118; capital 
employed 1850, 119; pro- 
duct, 119; mills, 119; 
operations, 119 5 export, 

1851, 120; import rags from 
nineteen countries, 120; ex- 
ports, 1852, 125 5 imported 
rags, 126; rags imported 

1853, 128; exports, 1853, 
128 ; consumption of rags, 

1854, 132; per capita, 132; 
paper produced, 132; No. of 
mills in 1854, 135; annual 
product, 135; cost of labor, 
135; imports, 1854, 1355 
reciprocity treaty with Great 
Britain, 137 j imports, 1854, 
138 ; imported rags, 1855, 
143 ; annual production, 
145; imports, 1857, 154; 
Bank, 155 ; number of mills 
i860, 164; mills increased, 
201 J reduced price of paper, 
1867, 202; mills in run on 
short time, 202 ; consumption 
of paper in 1868, 203; mills 
in 1871, 219, 222 ; paper 
mills in 1872, 224; mills in 
1873, 228 ; value of annual 
product, 228 ; mills in, 1874, 
230; 1875, 231 ; No. of mills 
in 1877, 233. 

Unconoonuc mill burned, 220. 



Underhill, Messrs. R. L. & Co., 

mill of, burnt, 103. 
Undressed flax for paper, 140. 
Union Deposit, Pa., 224. 
Union Falls, 124. 
University of Paris, 30. 
University of Rinteln, 2J. 
Upper Canada, 63. 
Upper Red Hook, 54. 
Urbana, N. Y., 103. 
Ure, Dr., 106. 

Valencia, 20, 23. 

Valley Forge, Pa., mill at, 233. 

Van Alstyne, A. P., his mill burnt, 

Van Benthuysen, Charles, his mill 

burnt, 177. 
Van Cortlandt, Gen. Pierre, his 

mill burnt, 92. 
Van Houton, William, patentee, 

77,81. 
Van Veghten & Son, printers, 63. 
Varro, 6. 
Varzin, Prussia, Prince Bismarck's 

mill at, 225, 226. 
Vatican, 28. 
Vegetable substances for paper, 56, 

81; parchment, 165; fibre, 

184; mode of preparing, 186, 

Venetian paper, characteristics of, 

Venice, 25 ; sent cotton paper to 

Germany, 10. 
Vermont, No. of mills in 1810,66. 
Vidocq, E. F , patentee. III. 
Vienna, industrial exhibition, 154. 
Villette, Marquis de, works of, 48. 
Virgil, Baskerville's edition of, 39, 

40. 
Virginia, No. of mills in 1810,66. 
Vivien, Mons., 132. 
Voelter, no, 114. 
Von Hartzberg, Count Ewald, 48. 
Von Murr, 22. 
Vougeot, mill at, 53. 

Waban mills, burnt, 206. 



262 



Index. 



Waistcoats, paper, 206. 
Wait, P. H., patentee, 147. 
Wall paper, 208 ; manufacture 

begun, 30. 
Walsh, S. A., inventor, 191. 
Warner, Mass., mill at, 208. 
Warrington, England, 49. 
Warsaw, 76. 

Wash bowls, paper used for, 203. 
Washington, D. C, 1745 patent 

office at, 222. 
Waste paper, duty on, 170. 
Water, scarcity of, 216. 
Waters, E., & Son, 231. 
Waterman, Richard, patentee, 83. 
Water-mark, ancient, 28 ; French, 

75 5 indellible, 165 ; shaded, 

202. 
Waterproof paper, 116; overcoats, 

paper for,223 ; packing paper, 

161. 
Watertown, Mass., 845 mill at, 

146. 
Watertown, N. Y., 96, 98 ; mill 

at, 65; mill burned, 115. 
Waterville, Me., mill at, 144; 

mill burned, 203. 
Watkin, Thomas, 35. 
Watkins, Cassidy & Brother's mill 

burned, 206. 
Watson, Chauncey, his mill burnt, 

190. 
Watson, Henry, inventor, 183. 
Watson & Ledyard, 45. 
Watt & Burgess, 1385 patentees, 

129; inventors, 158 J chem- 
ical process of, 195. 
Watts, patentee, 141. 
Wayfaring tree, for paper, 49. 
Websters, Ensign & Seymour, 

Messrs., 52. 
Webster's quarto Dictionary, 78. 
Weed, James -A., his mill burnt, 

208. 
Weekly News, London, 221. 
Wellington & Hunting's mill 

burnt, 84. . 
Wells's Annual of Scientific Dis- 
covery, 147. 



Wells, Ramsey, & Co.'s manilla 

paper works burned, 224. 
Welsbach, Dr. Aloyse Chevalier 

Auer de, patentee, 181. 
West, George, inventor, 124. 
West, George W.,his mill burned, 

220. 
West India islands, 210. 
Western Budget, 63. 
Westfield, Mass., 103, 128 ; mill 

at burnt, 204. 
West Fitchburg, Mass., 166. 
Weston, Mass., 109. 
Westville, New Haven, Ct., mill 

at, 140; Manufacturing Go. '3 

mill burnt, 159. 
Whatman, James, 40. 
Wheat straw for paper, 41, 166. 
Whipple, M. D., patentee, 142. 
White & Gale, patentees, 80. 
White, Norman, patentee, 125. 
White & Sheffield, 116. 
White hemp of Hayti, substitute 

for rags, 201. 
Whitney, Leonard & Son's mill 

burnt, 146. 
Wilder, Mark, patentee, 115. 
Wilks, John, machinist, 91. 
Williamsville, mill at, 176. 
Willow for paper, 41, 199; twigs, 

bark and leaves of, for paper, 

Wilmington, Delaware, 70 ; mill 
at, 219; mill near, 232. 

Wilmington, N. C, mills at, 173. 

Windham, Ct., 87. 

Windsor, England, 32. 

Windsor Locks, Ct., 112, 126; 
mill at, 145. 

Winnipiseogee paper mill burned, 
225. 

Wire grass for paper, 209. 

Wire-marked paper, 202. 

Wisco.nsin Paper Co.'s boiler ex- 
ploded, 201. 

Wissahickon creek, 33, 34. 

Wiswall & Flagg's mill burnt, 97. 

Woburn, Mass., 182, 184. 

Wood & Reddington, 66. 



Index. 



263 



Wood, for paper, 35, 56, 89, 134, 
137, 141, 163, 183; fibre, 
173 ; disintegrated, for paper, 
210 J pulp patent, 182; 
Works Company, 19S ; 
shavings, paper from, 141 ; 
tablets of, 232. 

Woodcock, Thomas L., 94. 

Woodville, N. Y., mill at, 144. 

Woodward & Bartlett, patentees, 

Woodworth, Oliver, 217. 
Woody substances for paper, 186. 
Wool from pine trees for paper, 

138. 
Woonsocket, R. I., 169. 
Wooster & Holmes, patentees, 89. 
Wooster, Lewis, 89. 
Worcester, Mass., 53. 
World's fair medal, 40 ; London, 

120. 
Worthington, Iowa, manufactory 

at, 157 ; mil] at, 226. 
Wove moulds invented, 39. 
Wrapping paper, 208 ; from wire 

grass, 209. 



Wright, George L., patentee, 115. 
Writing paper, price raised, 177 j 

coating, 192. 
Writing with water, 99. 

Xativa, 20, 23. 

Yarmouth, Maine, mill at, 212. 
Yatra river, 205. 

Yeddo, Japan, paper manufac- 
tured at, 223. 
Yellow willow for paper, 49. 
Ypsilanti, Mich., mill at, 222. 
Yucca, substitute for rags, 201. 

Zisania aquatica, for paper, 209, 

231. 
Zollverein, 107, 112 ; imports and 

exports, no; No. of mills, 
— 1846, III; exports, 113; 

consumption, 118; No, of 

mills in 1855, 142; export 

duty on rags, 190. 
Zopissa paper coffin, 207. 
Zug, Jacob, 223. 



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